Proto-Koigus-Ndere Vocabulary

=A=


 * *aɣ̂ɮj- ("to say, to speak, to talk")


 * *aɣ̂n̂- ("time")


 * *aɣ̂n̂u- ("season")


 * *àɣt- (“to make”)


 * *akʔ- ("life")


 * *akʔu- ("lifetime, lifespan")


 * *al- ("hand")


 * *àlʔ- ("to give")


 * *aɮ- ("day")


 * *am- ("side, hip, waist")


 * *amɣ̂j- ("dark")


 * *an- ("to call, to alert, to herald, to delcare, to insist")


 * *àn̂- ("new")


 * *aŋ- ("strong, able, sturdy")


 * *àŋɣ- ("wall")


 * *aŋx- ("friend")


 * *ax- ("to think")


 * *àx̂- ("eye")


 * *àx̂pnò- ("tear")


 * *az- ("face")


 * *aʔ- ("to run")


 * *àʔ- ("to ask, to beg, to plead, to guess, to wonder")


 * *aʔɣ̂k- ("drapes, door, curtains")


 * *àʔɣl- ("far")


 * *aʔl- ("big, wide, heavy")


 * *aʔlz- ("point, tip")


 * *aʔɫt- ("cruel, mean")


 * *aʔɮ- ("long")


 * *aʔm- ("to hear")


 * *aʔmɮ- ("high, lofty, out of reach, above")


 * *àʔmtɫ- ("word, saying, utterance")


 * *àʔn- ("to wear, to adorn, to be wrapped or covered in something")


 * *aʔŋ- ("open, vulnerable")


 * *aʔŋɮ- ("to open, to endanger")


 * *aʔŋt- ("to bring, to carry")


 * *aʔn̂ʔ- ("to herd")


 * *àʔp- ("arm, shoulder, thigh, hip")


 * *aʔqz- ("star, small speck of light, window")


 * *àʔr- ("to pounce, to interupt")


 * *aʔzɣ- ("foot")


 * *àʔzɮ- ("to sit")


 * *aʔzn- ("to lurk, to creep, to stalk, to spy")


 * *àʔzt- ("to fall, to collapse, to give up, to surrendur")


 * *aʔʔ- ("still")

=B=


 * *baŋ- ("eagle")


 * *bèɣ- ("to open")


 * *beʔɣmz- ("to milk, to squeeze, to wring, to tug")


 * *beʔn̂g- ("white")


 * *ble- ("small, tiny")


 * *bloʔ- ("to turn, to reorientate")


 * *bmòʔ- ("to change")


 * *bnò- ("son")


 * *bnoq- ("to sink")


 * *bwaʔn̂- ("to hold, to grasp, to squeeze")


 * *bwemq- ("springtime")

=D=


 * *dà- ("to begin, to start, to intiate")


 * *daʔmzs- ("night")


 * *dàʔʔ- ("old")


 * *deʔɣ̂x- ("to explain, to teach")


 * *dèʔn- ("mind")


 * *djuʔr- ("three")


 * *dluʔzɫ- ("room, chamber")


 * *dmèɮʔ- ("hallway, tunnel, tube, pipe")


 * *dmìʔɣz- ("to find by accident, to happen upon")


 * *dmuʔɣ̂ɫ- ("to find on purpose, to seek, to hunt")


 * *dŋeʔɣq- ("to stab, to puncture")


 * *doʔɮr- ("for goats to ram")


 * *doʔmts- ("hair")


 * *dùʔŋk- ("stream")


 * *duʔp- ("small hill")


 * *dwuŋln- ("plateau")


 * *dzàg- ("to sulk, to ignore")


 * *dzàʔng- ("to try")


 * *dzèʔ- ("place, area")


 * *dzjemz- ("god")


 * *dzni- (“daughter”)


 * *dzjùʔɮx̂p- ("fence, boundary marker")


 * *dzlèʔr- ("inheritance")


 * *dzloʔzk- ("wife")


 * *dzŋaŋnn̂- ("division")


 * *dznìʔɣ̂l- ("to follow")


 * *dzò- ("wolf")


 * *dzùġ- ("to avoid, to sneak past, to move stealthily")


 * *dzuɣ̂- ("alseep, dormant, resting")


 * *dzuʔɣ̂- ("to reach, to arrive, to show up")


 * *dzuʔp- ("to annex")


 * *dzwiʔɮ- ("to kill, to slaughter")

=E=


 * *èɣ- ("to answer, to elaborate, to inform")


 * *èɣr- ("low, deep")


 * *eɣʔ- ("fur")


 * *èj- ("true, honest, sincere")


 * *elg- (“sunny, clear weather”)


 * *èɫ- ("young")


 * *eɮ- ("rumour, story, tale")


 * *èɮ- ("four")


 * *èm- ("five")


 * *èmj- ("full, dense, heavy")


 * *emzl- ("simple, innocent")


 * *emʔ- ("certain, sure, absolute, fully")


 * *èn- ("to walk")


 * *eŋɣ- ("to cry, to wail, to weep")


 * *èr- ("toe, finger")


 * *es- ("air, wind")


 * *èt- ("wisp, flame, smoke")


 * *ex- ("free, wild, unbound")


 * *èzg- ("to smile")


 * *èzgbwi- ("to mock, to insult")


 * *ezp- ("one")


 * *ezrn̂- ("ten")


 * *èʔ- ("leg")


 * *eʔɣ- ("hoof, nail")


 * *eʔk- ("many, much")


 * *èʔk- ("horn")


 * *èʔɫx- ("slit, slash, goat's pupil")


 * *eʔɮp- ("to shake, to disturb, to upset")


 * *èʔm- ("to pour")


 * *eʔmkt- ("wood")


 * *èʔml- ("bad")


 * *eʔmt- ("to reveal, to show")


 * *eʔmx- ("soft")


 * *èʔn̂l- ("excitable, energetic, giddy")


 * *eʔnsr- ("enemy, foreigner")


 * *eʔŋ- ("snout")


 * *èʔŋg- ("small log, branch")


 * *èʔpk- ("root")


 * *èʔr- ("thick, murky")


 * *èʔx̂- ("stupid")


 * *èʔzx- ("to dismiss, to ignore, to let happen, to allow")

=G=


 * *ĝàmk- ("to etch, to scratch")


 * *gaʔ- ("to choose, to decide, to select, to pick")


 * *ġèn̂- ("tree")


 * *ġeŋʔŋ- ("to escape, to flee")


 * *ĝep- ("flower")


 * *ĝeʔkg- ("horn")


 * *ġèʔn̂z- ("blade")


 * *gi- ("good")


 * *ĝì- ("language, speech")


 * *ĝiɣʔ- ("fast")


 * *ġin̂- ("pain")


 * *ĝiŋm- ("fruit")


 * *ġiʔ- ("to smile to open the mouth wide")


 * *giʔɮ- ("to be able")


 * *ġiʔnɣɣ- ("ear")


 * *ĝiʔn̂rk- ("to notice, to detect, to percieve, to feel")


 * *ġiʔŋn̂- ("to beat, to smash one object against another")


 * *ġjaŋ- ("tribe, clan, extended family, kin")


 * *gje- ("to bleat, to yawn, to hum")


 * *ĝjexɮ- ("to dance")


 * *gjeʔɮ- ("fun")


 * *ġjèʔm- ("trouble, danger, threat")


 * *ġjìmtɣ- ("tail")


 * *ġjìs- ("tooth")


 * *ĝjoɣɣ- ("to chip, to wear down, to shape, to sculpt")


 * *ġjòzx- ("whole, entire, all")


 * *glòʔn̂- ("body, chest, abdomen")


 * *ġluʔt- ("hair (from the head")


 * *ġmèɮ- ("smart")


 * *ĝmeʔj- ("beserk, wild")


 * *ĝmò- ("throat")


 * *ĝmoɮ- (“wind”)


 * *ġmùŋɫ- ("heel")


 * *ĝmuʔ- ("broken, bent")


 * *ġmuʔɣ̂m- ("grey, silver, bleak")


 * *ġnì- ("brother")


 * *gninn- ("to attack, to maim, to hurtm to injure")


 * *ĝnìʔm- ("lip")


 * *ĝnoɮts- ("chin, jaw")


 * *ġŋòʔtsr- ("to climb")


 * *ġŋèɫ- ("light (of wieght), small, fragile, thin")


 * *gŋù- ("straight, stubbord")


 * *gŋun̂ġ- ("tuft, patch")


 * *ġo- ("river")


 * *go- ("bone")


 * *ġòŋp- ("evil, bad")


 * *ĝòʔz- ("stick, branch, staff")


 * *ĝùʔ- ("still, solid, unmoving, stubborn, heavy")


 * *ĝuʔɫ- ("red")


 * *ĝùʔn- ("skin")


 * *ġuʔŋts- ("strike, line, mark in the ground")


 * *gʷa- ("to eat")


 * *gʷàɣ̂t- ("trait, charecteristic, feature")


 * *ġwàlɮ- ("sense, inkling, clue")


 * *gʷàs- ("fish")


 * *gʷazx̂- ("convincing, interesting")


 * *gʷaʔɮp- ("plan")


 * *ġwèpm- ("dream")


 * *gʷè- (“spring”)


 * *gʷèʔɫ- ("alive, living, animate")


 * *gʷìɣ̂ɬ- ("to follow")


 * *gʷìml- ("shawl, full body clothing")


 * *gʷjuzk- ("spear")


 * *gʷjuzggʷàs- ("spear fish")


 * *gʷnaʔnʔɣ*- ("blind")


 * *gʷnuɣ̂p- ("many, lots, much")


 * *ĝwin̂ʔs- ("obvious, clear, evident")


 * *ĝwò- ("circle")


 * *ĝwòɣɣ̂- ("to sway, to falter, to wiggle, to move")


 * *gʷumm- ("self")


 * *gwuʔɣmz- ("very")


 * *ġwùʔɣ̂n̂x- ("warm")


 * *gʷù- ("to, at, for, towards")


 * *gʷumz- ("name")


 * *gʷut- (“overcast, cloudy”)

=ɣ=


 * *ɣàŋɮ- ("to thank")


 * *ɣ̂aq- ("north")


 * *ɣ̂àz- ("hate")


 * *ɣ̂àʔŋk- ("to push, to repell")


 * *ɣ̂èmts- ("to approach")


 * *ɣexn̂- ("peaceful")


 * *ɣ̂iɮ- ("to sleep")


 * *ɣ̂ìm- ("tounge")


 * *ɣ̂iʔɣn̂- ("appendage, branch, limb")


 * *ɣ̂ìʔɣ̂t- ("to destroy")


 * *ɣ̂ìʔɣʔts- ("narrow")


 * *ɣjazts- ("to curse, to damn, to condemn")


 * *ɣ̂jè- ("yellow")


 * *ɣjoʔtg- ("to fill")


 * *ɣ̂làʔl- ("boulder that one can sit on")


 * *ɣ̂laʔŋ- ("shape, form")


 * *ɣ̂lur- ("pasture")


 * *ɣmàzɮ- ("grass")


 * *ɣmeʔŋ- ("younger brother, subject, sept member")


 * *ɣmòʔx̂- ("thick, dense, heavy")


 * *ɣneʔz- ("direction, way, row, line")


 * *ɣŋaʔŋ- ("dry, rough, coarse")


 * *ɣŋaʔŋgp- ("hollow, empty")


 * *ɣ̂oɣ̂z- ("to stretch an object over an other, to wear")


 * *ɣ̂òɮrts- ("to gesture, to nod, to wave")


 * *ɣòŋtsts- ("to allow, to let, to step aside, to observe")


 * *ɣ̂òz- ("to remember")


 * *ɣoʔ- ("mad, crazy, insane")


 * *ɣ̂oʔmp- ("pretty, beautiful")


 * *ɣ̂oʔz- ("sweet tasting")


 * *ɣuʔ- ("poor, lacking")


 * *ɣ̂wàŋtts- ("age")


 * *ɣwaʔ- ("during, throughout")


 * *ɣwìʔŋrs- ("flash, spark, ember")


 * *ɣ̂wòʔp- ("rain")


 * *ɣ̂wùɮl- ("spot, patch, blemish")

=I=


 * *ig- ("shadow")


 * *ìɣ̂ŋ- ("just, fair, acceptable, agreeable")


 * *iɣt- (“winter”)


 * *ìɣq- ("two")


 * *ix̂- ("fear, threat, concern")


 * *ij- ("easy")


 * *ilj- ("gullible")


 * *ìɮ- ("berry")


 * *iɮn̂ts- ("roof, hat, top, lid, covering")


 * *iɮs- ("to hang, to dangle, to sway")


 * *ìngɫ- ("to steal")


 * *iŋ- ("now")


 * *ìŋ- ("seven")


 * *ip- ("eight")


 * *ìts- (“autumn”)


 * *iz- ("stick")


 * *ìz- ("safe")


 * *izj- ("ear")


 * *ìzm- ("to betray")


 * *iʔ- ("to rot, to decay")


 * *ìʔ- ("to pluck")


 * *iʔg- ("to win, to beat, to overcome, to defy")


 * *ìʔɣg- ("creature, animal")


 * *iʔɣ̂ɫ- ("to strangle, to choke, to corner something/someone, to lead a herd through a valley")


 * *ìʔj- ("to hide")


 * *iʔɫ- ("shut, closed, defensive, scared")


 * *iʔɮ- ("to surprise")


 * *ìʔɮ- ("egg")


 * *iʔɮl- ("shell, casing")


 * *iʔɮɫ- ("bed")


 * *iʔɮɫr- ("pit, burrow")


 * *iʔɮsj- ("tail")


 * *in̂- (“fog, mist”)


 * *ìʔn̂- ("red")


 * *iʔn̂t- ("mouth")


 * *ìʔŋ- ("nine")


 * *iʔqj- ("to bite, to chew")


 * *iʔtŋ- ("to warn, to intimidate")


 * *iʔts- ("to kick")


 * *iʔz- ("valley")


 * *ìʔz- ("adept, able")


 * *ìʔzr- ("cunning, smart")

=J=
 * *jaɣɣ- ("bowl")


 * *jèʔ- ("world, realm")


 * *jesɣ- (“full”)


 * *jok- ("to stop")


 * *juɣ̂s- (“to see”)

jòʔŋg

=K=


 * *kèʔ- ("negative auxiliary")
 * *kiʔ- ("to bend")

=L=


 * *làp- ("land, soil, earth, ground")


 * *laʔ- ("with")

lèʔk lmàn
 * *lìŋʔs- ("to drink")


 * *lòɣ̂- ("leaf")

lòʔz lùʔzɮ lwùʔŋt ɬèʔn̂ ɮaʔn̂ts ɮùʔɣz

=M=


 * *maznl- ("water")


 * *mùnjè- ("tree trunk")

meʔn


 * *meʔz- (“to listen”)

mi


 * *miʔŋn̂ts- (“striped, multicoloured”)

mliʔ moʔmɣ

=N= nàʔx̂g n̂jìʔn n̂leɣ̂ɫ noʔn̂k


 * *nìma- ("to ask")


 * *nopn̂- (“rain”)


 * *ŋàɮtk- (“lightning”)

=O=


 * *òm- (“death”)

ònn̂


 * *ots- (“to be”)

òz


 * *òʔɮ- ("to choose")

=Q=


 * *qeʔnɣ- ("sack")


 * *qjizg- ("to want")

=S=
 * *slàn̂- (“empty”)
 * *sŋaŋr- ("she-goat")
 * *sŋaŋrokgʷò- ("goat goddess")

=T=
 * *tèŋ- (“cold, barren”)


 * *tlizɮ- ("cud")


 * *tsep- (“summer”)


 * *tsmùg- ("sand")


 * *tuʔg- ("self")

=U=


 * *uɮ- (“half”)


 * *ùɮ- (“until, up to”)

uʔ uʔn̂j ùʔx
 * *ùp- ("all")

=W=
 * *wokl- ("tail")
 * *woklmiġ- ("fin")
 * *won̂x̂m- ("mountain")
 * *wun- ("person")

=X= xeʔɣj x̂làʔŋ
 * *xuzŋ- ("mud")

=Z=


 * *zaʔɣ̂- ("unkempt, messy")


 * *zuɣ̂n̂- ("to remember")