Old Naukl

Old Naukl vocabulary

=Name and History=

=Phonology=

Phonological History

 * tl dl → ɬ ɮ
 * ð →z
 * C1C2(C3) →C2C2(C3)! C2 ={r̥͡s r͡z} infinitive -tä not affected) ! #_ ! C1=K, C2=w
 * {r̥͡s r͡z}C1C2 → {r̥͡s r͡z}C2C2
 * V →∅/_l
 * χ x ɣ → ʀ
 * gw → b
 * kw → p
 * w → p/C[-voice]_
 * w →b/C[+voice]_
 * k g → c ɟ/(E)_(E)
 * c ɟ → t d
 * {ɕ ç} {ʑ ʝ} → ʃ ʒ
 * E →∅/#_j
 * B → ∅/#_w
 * a →æ
 * e͡ø → i͡o
 * n → Ø/_$
 * V → Ø/(æː)_(æː)

Morphonology

 * When a stem ending in a consonant takes on a suffix beginning in a consonant, the final consonant of the stem is dropped and the intitial consonant of the suffix is geminated:
 * ääžokot ("octopus") → ääžokoʟʟ ("octopus-ADE")

=Nouns and Adjectives= Old Naukl nouns and adjectives inflect for five cases (nominative, genitive, partitive, inessive and adessive) and two numbers (singular and plural). This in contrast to the nouns of Proto-Naukl and Ethogiath and this is thanks to Old Naukl's own innovation. The Proto-Naukl nominative paucal was reanalysed as a partitive singular case, for which a new plural was made by applying the nominative plural suffix. The accusative and dative cases of Proto-Naukl were dropped entirely. The genitive singular became central in the evolution of Old Naukl cases as every other case was built upon it, even the nominative plural. The locative cases (inessive and adessive) were innovated in Old Naukl. The inessive case (-sät) was grammaticalised from the noun šeessät ("stomach") and the adessive case (-ʟ) from the noun äʟ ("head"), both of these cases attach to the genitive stem. As well as being innovative with cases, Old Naukl merged the 2nd Declension and 3rd Declension together.

The way that the genitive case is formed is unpredictable for most 2nd declension nouns, in some cases the genitive case may have little superficial relation with the nominative e.g: gätti ("dolphin") → gärsjjo ("dolphin.GEN"). In the case of animate 1st declension nouns the genitive is always the same as the nominative: äpi ("orca") → äpi ("orca.GEN") and for 1st declension inanimate nouns the genitive is formed simply with the suffix -a.

1st Declension
The first declension is made up of nouns who take the partitive case suffix -ʜ (when the stem ends in a vowel or m or l) or -h (when the stem ends in a plosive) which surfaces as aspiration on the plosive. If the stem ends in s or z then it is geminated to ss and zz.

Animate
Example:


 * äpi ("orca")
 * ääžokot ("octopus")

Inanimate
Example:


 * ʀejas ("sea")
 * jøżät ("knife, weapon")

2nd Declension
The second declension is identical to the 1st Declension with the exception that the partitive case is formed by lengthening the final vowel of the genitive stem.


 * aupi ("raptor") → aujju ("raptor.GEN") → aujjuu ("raptor-PART")
 * ʀää ("seal") → ʀääø ("seal.GEN") → ʀääøø ("seal-PART")