Durigir

durigir vocab

= Phonology =


 * Liquids cannot occur after voiceless plosives or /s/.
 * Two plosives of different voicing may not cluster. Should they come together, then the first plosives takes on the voicing of the second.
 * When the first plosive is *d and is before *k, it rather becomes *s
 * Two of the same consonant may not cluster.
 * If two of the same nasal/fricative/approximant come together then they merge into a short nasal/fricative/approximant.:
 * If two of the same voiceless/voiced plosive come together then the first becomes a nasal of the same PoA:
 * If two of the same labialised plosive come together then the first becomes *m:
 * If two of the same labialised plosive come together then the first becomes *m:
 * If two of the same labialised plosive come together then the first becomes *m:

length marked with an acute accent, before any Old Durigir vowel shifts occured

Stress
Late Ordho-Luksunic took on the typical tuuric stress

Ablaut

 * In brackets are unaccented forms where they vary from the accented forms.

Lenition
levelled out

Case
Old Durigir had two noun classes which were active and passive. Active nouns denote something that is typically an agent of a verb and passive nouns typically denote the patient but also many inanimate objects. The division is not an animate-inanimate split for animate beings can be referred to by passive nouns if they are the typical recipients of an action and inanimate things can be referred to by active nouns if they are viewed as being enactors of actions (such as tools but also "dynamic" things such as water, wind, fire etc that move without influence from an animate being).


 * Nominative: Marks the sole argument of an intransitive clause and subject of a transitive clause
 * Abolutive: Marks the patient of a verb and involuntary agent of a verb, the predicate of the copula verb
 * Vocative: Marks a noun when referred directly to
 * Essive: A state of being, "as",
 * trypmís [tʁɪmʊi̯s] ("as a father")
 * Relative: Regarding/concerning/about X, possessive
 * trýpós [tʁui̯bvɔus] ("father's, about the father")

Ordho-Luksunic was an active-stative language, meaning that the sole argument of an intransitive clause was marked the same way as an an agent of a transitive clause (in the nominative case) but may be marked the same way as a patient (absolutive case) to mark an unwilling or unintending agent (i.e it implies a lack of volition):

trýv-us túl-lo

[tʁʊi̯vus tʉulːo]

father-NOM.ACT cut-3S.ACT.PST

"father cut"

trýv-us pét-∅ túl-lo

[tʁʊi̯vus pɛat tʉulːo]

father-NOM.ACT rope-ABS cut-3S.ACT.PST

"father cut rope"

trýbv-∅ pét-∅ túl-lo

[tʁʊi̯bv pɛat tʉulːo]

father-ABS rope-ABS cut-3S.ACT.PST

"father accidentally/was made to cut rope"

Os-Stems
This declension contains active nouns which have the nominative singular suffix -os. In this declension the nom.pl, res.pl and essive cases take the 4th grade and the abs.pl and voc.pl take the 3rd grade.

Es-Stems
This declension contains active nouns which have the nominative singular suffix -es. These stems tend to be the longest.

ýs-Stems
This declension contains active nouns which take the nominative singular suffix -ýs which descends from the active form of the Proto-Jaronic suffix *-yó which served to derive nouns from adjectives.

Us-Stems
This declension contains active nouns which take the nominative singular suffix *-üs which derived from *-es when after labialised plosives. In this declension the nom.pl, res.pl and essive cases take the 4th grade and the abs.pl and voc.pl take the 3rd grade. In these nouns the labialised plosive of Proto-Jaronic takes several forms. In the nom.sg and voc.pl it takes the weak form of the plosive (*bʷ *dʷ *gʷ > *w *dh *w). In the nom.pl, absolutive, essive, respective.pl is remains as a labilaised plosive. In the voc.sg and res.sg it becomes a voiced plosive (*bʷ *dʷ *g > *b *d *g)

On-Stems
This declension contains nouns with the nominative singular suffix *-on. Stems in the declension contain 3rd grade vowels. This declension has two subgroups, subgroup I contains monosyllablic roots while subgroup II contains polysyllabic stems where the stress does not fall on the syllable before the *-on suffix. The 1st grade occurs in the abs.sg and voc.sg while the 4th grade occurs in the nom.pl, essive and res.pl.

ýn-Stems
This declension contains nouns with the nominative singular suffix *-ýn, derived from the Proto-Jaronic suffix *-yó.

Demonstrative Pronouns
Proto-Jaronic makes no proximal distinction in its demonstratives.

Interrogative Pronouns
Active "what" (yiδos) is equivalent to "who" and passive "what" (yaδon) is equivalent to "what, which".

Adjectives
Adjectives in Proto-Nulgbokan agree with the head noun in gender and case but not in number. Agreement is made by attaching the same nominal suffixes to the adjective's stem (which will trigger the same grade as on the noun). Adjective in Proto-Jaronic can be placed either before or after the noun but they tend to be placed before:
 * *nylk- ("old") > *nylkos kuéδos [nɪlkos gvɛːjos] ("old warrior"), *nylkmís kytmís [nɪlmʊi̯s gvɪmʊi̯s] ("as an old warrior")
 * *prén- ("big") > kuéδos prénos [gvɛːjos prɔːɲos] ("big warrior"), puigon pruinon [pujɔ proiɲɔ] ("old rock")

The equative suffix *-ís attaches to adjectives to denote "as X as". Such adjectives can be used either attributively or predictively. The compared to noun is placed in the essive case. When used attributively the compared to noun is compounded onto the adjective as a prefix and the subject is in the nominative case. No adjective with this suffix takes on any further inflection.

siry puéδ-yg pryn-ís ymg-mís

ʃɪwɪ bvɛːjɪ pʁøɲʊi̯s ømʊis

dog-ABS be-3S.ACT big-EQ wolf-ESS

"the dog is as big as the wolf"

ʃirv-os ym-mís-pryn-ís

sɪːvos ømʊi̯spʁøɲʊi̯s

dog-NOM wolf-ESS-big-EQ

"the dog which is as big as the/a wolf"