Mid Middle Mangeodge

Mid Middle Mangeodge vocabulary

=Phonology=

Vowels

Consonants

Phonological History
aurC > awurC

i e o u → iː i ɤ ɯ/_…i

ei ɑu → iː ɯː/_…i

i u>Ø/_#

N>Ø/_#

eo>i

d→θ/#_!_C

B{r l}ː→Bg{r l}

j→w/{p b m}_

∅→z/d_{l n r}

{t d s}v→θ

j→g/_B!E_

ej{e i}e→iː

ei au → je wi

v→∅/s_

j→∅/e_o

=Nouns=

In Mid Middle Mangeodge there is an umlaut where the short vowels /i e o u/ become /iː i ɤ ɯ/ and the sequences /je wi/ become /iː ɯː/. This occurs when /i/ occurs in a following syllable but this /i/ was lost when word final so you will see umlaut triggered with no /i/ around anymore. This is apparent in the animate nominative singular and inanimate nominative singular (the former being marked solely by umlaut):
 * jerocót ("octopus- > jerocot ("octopus-")

When an inanimate noun ends in /θ/, the /θ/ becomes /s/ in the nominative plural:
 * dznath ("house-") > dznas ("house-")

The feminine animate has three suffixes. -ja is used in the stem ends in the vowels /i iː e/, -ua is used if the stem in in /p b m/ and -ga is used elsewise:
 * cgovaeja ("female seal")
 * Theolimua ("a female name")
 * thogga ("boob")

When an inanimate stem ends in -i- or -ó-, the vowel becomes -i- or -u- in the nominative plural:
 * uiliv ("stone-") > uili ("stone-")
 * avezóv ("algae-") > avezu ("algae-")

When the inanimate nominative ends in -kv or -pv, the plural forms are -kk and -pp:
 * bakv ("rope-{{Smallcaps|nom.sg") > bakk ("rope-")

When the last vowel in a noun is /ɯ/, the vowel will become /o/ in the animate oblique sg/pl cases:
 * uipuú ("hawk-") > uipuoje ("hawk-{{Smallcaps|obl}}")

Some feminine inanimate nouns end in -gga, coming from Proto-Mangeodge inanimate accusative nouns that ended in -lle and -rre. These endings become /l/ or /r/ in the oblique:
 * thogga ("boob-") > tholozja ("boob-{{Smallcaps|obl}}") (cf: thógl "spot")

O-Nouns
O-nouns are a small subset of animate nouns ending in -o that are uninflectable: nro ("man").

H-Nouns
H-nouns exhibit an alternation where /k/ is dropped in the oblique:
 * tauúrkv ("spear") > tauróz ("spear-")

D-Nouns
D-nouns exhibit an alternation where /θ/ becomes /z/ in the oblique:
 * oseath ("food") > oseazóz ("food-")
 * terath ("tail") > terazóz ("tail-")

P-Nouns
P-nouns exhibit an alternation between /p/ and /f/:
 * azecapv ("mouth") > azecafóz ("mouth-")

B-Nouns
S-nouns exhibit an alternation where /b/ is dropped throughout the paradigm:
 * jeorabv ("bat") > jeoraóz ("bat-")

Possessive Suffixes
The Possessive suffixes are noteworthy in Mid Middle Mangeodge because they attach to the older nominative stems which fell out of use elsewhere in the language, as so these stems are referred to as "possessed stems" in an MMM context. Because of this it is important to note some "alternations" (although for most nouns the possessed stem is the same as the bare stem):


 * When an inanimate noun ends in -gl or -gr, the possessive stem ends in -l and -r with an epenthetic /i/ or /u/ (depending on whether the vowel in the stem was back or front") in inserted afterwards. Any umlaut caused by the nominative endings is not present in the possessive stems:
 * thógl ("spot") > tholutóv ("your spot") - (possessive stem thol-)

Animate


 * balmic ("frog") > balmecto ("your frog")

Feminine Animate


 * cgovaeja ("female seal") > cgovaemuiga ("its female seal")

Inanimate


 * uiliv ("rock") > uiletóv ("your rock")

Feminine Inanimate


 * avesacolath ("big fire") > avesacolasbouga ("my big fire")

=Verbs=


 * When the verb stem ends in /i/ or /iː/, in the 3rd.pl persons the vowel is dropped:
 * cabit ("to fix") > cabjer ("they fix")
 * cgiit ("to delude") > cgjiir ("they delude")
 * When the verb stem ends in /a/ and the person ending begins in /a/ also, they both merge into /je/:
 * calutat ("to explode") > calutjec ("it burns")
 * When the verb ends in /a/ or /o/ and is inflected 2nd/sg/pl 1st.pl persons, the vowels of the verb and suffix merge into /iː~je/ and /wi~ɯː/. This also happens in the 3rd.pl persons but with the vowel merging with the /j/ instead:
 * calutat ("to explode") > calutjec ("you burn"), calutjecg ("we explode"), calutiir ("they explode")
 * When a verb ends in /t͡ʃ/ and is inflected for the first person, the consonant becomes /s/:
 * asict ("to roll") > asess ("I roll")
 * When a verb stem ends in /iː/ or /ɯ/, the vowels are dropped in when inflected except for in the first person:
 * palút ("to hew") > palus ("I hew"), paleoc ("you hew"), palac ("it hews")

Past Tense
The past tense derives from Old Mangeodge's perfect aspect. It is formed with the suffix -i onto the verb stem to create a new past tense verb. This verb then conjugates as any other verb, although the suffix -i becomes -a when the verb is inflected.


 * palút ("to hew") > pali ("to have hewn") > palas ("I hewed")
 * dúúzt ("to make") > dúúzi ("to have made") > duizjes ("you made")

The -i serves as an infitive verb for the past tense:
 * esulutas dzraevotneo dipevii (see- lord summon-) “I saw the lord summon”.

D-verbs
D-verbs experience an alternation where /z/ is inserted before all non-1st person verb endings.


 * cgejat ("to dwell")

S-verbs
S-verbs experience an alternation between /t/ and /z./ except in the 1S. In PSN the /t/ was originally /d/ but it assimilated in voicing with the infinitive suffix -te and the 1st.sg ending -s, in the supine however the /d/ was preserved.


 * selótt ("to raid") - supine: kselod

P-verbs
P-verbs experience an alternation between /p/ and /f/.


 * aminjapt ("to knap")

S2-verbs
S2-verbs experience an alternation where /b/ drops throughout the paradigm except for the 1S.


 * vinúbt ("to carve")

R2-verbs
R2-verbs show an alternation where /k/ becomes /t͡ʃ/ throughout the paradigm except for the 1S.


 * orakt ("to swim")

Y-verbs
Y-verbs experience an alternation between /d͡ʒ/ and /g/ in the first person, there may also be a resurfacing consonant where it was lost before /d͡ʒt/ : sacgt ("to sleep") > salgs ("I sleep").

H-verbs
H-verbs experience a loss of /k/ throughout the paradigm:


 * alazakt ("to clothe")

Transgressive
The transgressive creates an adverb roughly meaning "while X" or "having done X" (when combined with the perfect). The transgressive if formed with the suffix -uim onto the third person singular animate form of the verb.


 * cirt ("to wash") > cerac ("it washes") > ceracuim ("while washing")
 * garúnt- ("to petrify") > garunac ("it petrifies") > garunacuim ("while petrifying")

The perfective transgressive is formed with the suffix -uim onto the third person singular animate perfective resulting in -iicuim.


 * cirti (“to wash”) > ciri (“to have washed”) > cerjec (“it has washed”) > ceriicuim (“having washed”)
 * garúnt (“to petrify”) > garúni (“to have petrified”) > garunjec (“it has petrified”) > garuniicuim (“having petrified”)

=Preposotions= Mid Middle Mangeodge has a set of prepositions, all of which except gar trigger the oblique case, that mostly descend from Proto-Mangeodge nouns, adjectives and verbs.


 * gar ("from, of, pertaining to")
 * ab ("in")
 * atob ("just outside off, beyond")
 * cgeovek ("side")
 * fenvuik ("on" - cf fenvúút "to wrap around, to cover")
 * skaelk ("inside" - cf skailt "to know")
 * úúik ("above, up")
 * evasjek ("halfway")
 * bueuik ("beside" - cf búiv "wing")
 * sateuik ("deep inside, in the middle off, amongst" - cf ceissativ "belly")
 * saruuik ("between (temporal)")
 * maluik ("from above" - cf malóv "arrow")
 * gozuik ("through" - cf ugalejózv "doorway")
 * vantebeuik ("between (spacial)" - cf vantib "middle")
 * vaeleuik ("by, using, instrumental" - cf vailiv "hand")

The preposition gar is also used to mark possession e.g thgarjith gar nro ("the man's nose").