Example sentence

"my daughter can't see"


 * Proto-Sumro-Letaeric  * bwaħtonbat ħeʔəbuǎsə mut ərħeʔətu [ˈbwaħ.tonbat ˈħe.ʔəbuɑsə mut ərˈħe.ʔətu]
 * Letaeric
 * Proto-Letaeric  * bwəħtoŋbəʔ ħeʔəbuëθəʔ muʔ ħəxħeʔətuʔ [ˈbwəħ.toŋbəʔ ˈħe.ʔəbuɤθəʔ muʔ ħəxˈħe.ʔətuʔ]
 * Old Letaere bwaħtoŋbú ħébūhá mú ħāħétú [ˈbwaħ.toŋbú ˈħé.buːhá mú ħaːˈħétú]
 * Old Ethei bwəxtòŋbaʔ xæʔəbuëθaʔ muʔ xaʔətuʔ [ˈbwəx.tɒŋbaʔ ˈxæ.ʔəbuɤθaʔ muʔ 'xaʔ.ətuʔ]
 * Middle Ethei bwoštòŋbaʔ šæʔebuëtaʔ muʔ šaʔetuʔ [ˈbwoʃ.tɒŋbaʔ ˈʃæ.ʔebuɤtaʔ muʔ ʃaʔ.etuʔ]
 * Ethei
 * Old Wacal bwəxtòŋbaʔ xæʔəbuoθaʔ muʔ xaʔətuʔ [ˈbwəx.tɒŋbaʔ ˈxæ.ʔəbuoθaʔ muʔ xaʔ.ətuʔ]
 * Wacal
 * Sumro-Naukl
 * Proto-Sumro-Naukl  * bǎǎtonba aaβǎś mu raaδ [ˈbɑː.tonba aːˈβɑʂ. mu raːð]
 * Naukl
 * Proto-Naukl  * bǎǎtonb aabǎtsm raaδ [ˈbɑː.tonb aːˈbɑt͡sm̩. raːð]
 * Ethogiath †  bõõtymb aaõthm raadh [ˈbɤː.tymb aːˈɤθm̩. raːð]
 * Old Naukl  baatob ääbatsm jääleʀtä [ˈbɑː.tob æːˈbɑt͡sm̩. ˈjæː.leʀtæ] < the Proto-Naukl verb *raaδ "to speak" did not survive in Old Naukl. It was ousted by jääleʀtä, from the Proto-Sumro-Letaeric root *jahlaqi- "to stutter, to misspeak".
 * Middle Naukl  baatob ääbatsm jääloʀtä [ˈbɑː.tob æːˈbɑt͡sm̩. ˈjæː.loʀtæ]
 * Naukl  baatom ääbatsm jäälotʀä [ˈbɑː.tob æːˈbɑt͡sm̩. ˈjæː.lotʀæ]
 * Jyztrees  paattop eepassm jeeloztte [ˈpɑː.tːop eːˈpɑsːm̩. ˈjæː.loztːe]
 * Mangeodge
 * Proto-Mangeodge  * bātunbe dāδač mu rōδte [ˈbɑː.tunbe ˈdɑːðɑt͡ʃ mu ˈroːð.te] < The modal verb has been replaced with *dāδač "it can" (from PSN *dǒhiδ "to make, to do") as PSN *aaβ- became PM *ō-te "to recognize"
 * Geresladian  * bāδunbe dāδač mu rōδte [ˈbɑː.ðunbjɑn ˈdɑːðɑt͡ʃ mu ˈroːð.te]
 * Boroweblian  * bādunbe dāδač mu rōδte [ˈbɑː.dunbjɑn ˈdɑːðɑt͡ʃ mu ˈroːð.te]
 * Turchosian  * bātunbe dāδač mu rōδte [ˈbɑː.tunbjɑn ˈdɑːðɑt͡ʃ mu ˈroːð.te]
 * Late Proto-Mangeodge  * bātunbjan dāδač mu rōδte [ˈbɑː.tunbjɑn ˈdɑːðɑt͡ʃ mu ˈroːð.te]
 * Old Hrasingian bātunnbjan dāδaš mu rūδte [ˈbɑː.tunːbjɑn ˈdɑːðɑʃ mu ˈruːð.te]
 * Middle Hrasingian bānnbjan dāhaš mu rūtte [ˈbɑː.nːbjɑn ˈdɑːhɑʃ mu ˈruː.tːe]
 * Hrasingian (Haldadd dialect) binban dahš mu rut [ˈbin.bɑn dɑ̥ʃ mu rut]
 * Hrasingian (Hannimš dialect) binban dahaš mu rute [ˈbin.bɑn ˈdɑ.hɑʃ mu ˈru.te]
 * Hrasingian (Ulkuple dialect) binban daš mu rute [ˈbin.bɑn ˈdɑʃ mu ˈrutʲ]
 * Old Mangeodge beitunbauja deizac mu rauzti [ˈbei̯.tunbɑu̯jɑ ˈdei̯.zɑt͡ʃ mu ˈrɑu̯z.ti]
 * North Mangeodge
 * North Middle Mangeodge maisk daizzac beiþþunja ar masi rauzti [mɑi̯sk ˈdɑi̯.zːɑt͡ʃ ˈbei̯.θːunjɑ ɑr ˈmɑ.si ˈrɑu̯z.ti] < NMM innovated a new negator maisk from the phrase arr mai skisi "no wild animal". Possessive suffixes were dropped in favour of the anaphoric construction ar X "of X". Word order also changed.
 * Taile mosk dārrac beittunn imæs reorte [mosk ˈdɑː.rːɑt͡ʃ ˈbei̯.tːunː iˈmæs ˈreo̯r.te] < The preposition ar merged with the following pronoun to form new possessive pronouns that follow the noun: ar masi "of me" > amasi > imasi > imæsi > imæs "my"
 * Early Insular Mangeodge maisk daizzac baiþþunja amasi rauzti [mɑi̯sk ˈdɑi̯zːɑt͡ʃ ˈbɑi̯.θːunjɑ ɑˈmɑ.si ˈrauz.ti] < The preposition ar merged with the following pronoun to form new possessive pronouns that follow the noun. ar masi "of me" > amasi "my"
 * Outer Dawian maisk daisā baiþunja amasi rausti [mɑi̯sk ˈdɑi̯sːɑ ˈbɑi̯.θunjɑ ɑˈmɑ.si ˈraus.ti]
 * Inner Dawian mæk dæzac baiþyja amæs rauti [mæk ˈdæzɑt͡ʃ ˈbæ.θːyjɑ ɑˈmæs ˈrau.ti]
 * West Mangeodge
 * West Middle Mangeodge beitunboia nahlahmu nahlt roht [ˈbei̯.tunbojɑ nɑhlɑhmu nɑhlt roht] < A new form of negation arose from the negative form of the verb nahlt "to be able, to manage". The OM modal verb was replaced with nahlt also.
 * Romoruzian beitunboia nâlâmu nâlt rôt [ˈbiː.tə̃bɔi nɑːlɑːmu naː ʁoː]
 * Rovianzian bwitonboja hlehmu nehlt roht [ˈbwi.tonboja xlexmu nexlt roxt]
 * Mid Mangeodge
 * Mid Middle Mangeodge bjetunbauga thjezac mai rū́zti [ˈbje.tunbɑu̯gɑ ˈθje.zɑt͡ʃ mɑi̯ ˈrɯːz.ti] < Verbs are no longer negated with mu but with the particle mai, derived from Old Mangeodge mudavi "not at all"
 * Inner Mid Mangeodge
 * Inner Mid Mangeodge bátunbauá tházac mai riezti [ˈbæ.tunbɑu̯æː θæzɑt͡s mɑi̯ rie̯zti]
 * Berogovian bátunbauá tácac mai riecti [ˈbæ.tunbɑu̯æː ˈtæ.t͡sɑt͡s mɑi̯ rie̯t͡sti]
 * Outer Mid Mangeodge
 * Early Binerith ibetunbaugə itheghəh mai rīti [iˈbe.tunbɑu̯gə iˈθeɣəx mɑi̯ riːti]
 * Binerith ibetonbaug itheghuh mai rīti [iˈbe.tonbɑu̯g iˈθeɣux mɑi̯ riːti]
 * Mid Outer Mangeodge bjetanbauga thjezac mai rū́zte [ˈbje.tɑnbɑu̯gɑ ˈθje.zɑt͡ʃ mɑi̯ ˈrɯːz.te]
 * Surwian thizac mai riəzte [ˈbi.tənbɑu̯gə ˈθi.zɑt͡ʃ mɑi̯ ˈriəz.te]
 * South Outer Mid Mangeodge bjetnbaug thjezc mai rū́zt [ˈbje.tnbɑu̯g ˈθje.zt͡ʃ mɑi̯ ˈrɨːz.t]
 * Beusian batbaug thazz mai rizt [ˈbɑt.bɑu̯g 'θɑzː mɑi̯ rizt]
 * South Mangeodge
 * South Middle Mangeodge batunbauja dā'm rauti [ˈbɑ.tunbɑu̯jɑ dɑːm ˈrɑu̯.ti]
 * South Inner Mangeodge batunbauja dā'm raute [ˈbɑ.tunbɑu̯jɑ dɑːm ˈrɑu̯.te]
 * Inner Mewian batunbauja dā'm rauke [ˈbɐ.tunbɑu̯jɐ dɑːm ˈrɑu̯.ke]
 * South Outer Mangeodge batunbauja de'm raute [ˈbɑ.tunbɑu̯jɑ dem ˈrɑu̯.te]
 * Outer Mewian batunbaue dā'm raute [ˈbɑ.tunbɑi̯e dem ˈrɑi̯.te]
 * Etjarutr
 * Ancient Etjarutr beitûnbaujā mai deizc razī [ˈbei̯.tʊnbɑu̯jɑː mɑi̯ ˈdei̯.zt͡ʃ ˈrɑ.ziː] < Negation is now made with mai, form Old Mangeodge mudavi "not at all" cf Mid Middle Mangeodge
 * Old Etjarutr mīūr bîtûnai mai dîźź rêzī [ˈmiː.ur ˈbɪ.tˠʊnɑi̯ mɑi̯ ˈdɪ.ʑː ˈrʲɛ.zʲiː] < Due to Old Sumre influence, possessive suffixes are lost in favor of possessive pronouns. The possessive pronoun mīur̄ "my" is from the pronoun mêsiū in the innovated genitive case ending in -r (from the preposition jr "of, from")
 * Classic Etjarutr mȳr bîṭnai mai dîźź zêzi [mʲyːr ˈbʲɪtˠ.nɑi̯ mɑi̯ ˈdʲɪ.ʑː ˈʑɛ.ʑiː]
 * Early Predator Etjarutr mīr biṭnai mai deźź zizi [mʲiːr ˈbʲitˠ.nɑi̯ mɑi̯ ˈdʲe.ʑː ˈʑi.ʑiː]
 * Predator Etjarutr mier bihne me deźź zizi [mʲie̯r ˈbʲix.ne me ˈdʲe.ʑː ˈʑi.ʑiː]
 * Sucumian
 * Proto-Sucumian  * βootsnβa miqʷloś mu raaδ [ˈβoːt͡s.n̩βa ˈmiqʷ.loʂ mu raːð] < The modal verb is replaced with miqʷqəlǎś "it can, it knows how" (from PSN *miqʷəl- "to be able, to know how, to understand"). The PSN verb *aaβ- became *aβt'' "to know someone, to be adept at, to be experienced with"
 * Light
 * Light Sucumian  * βosnβa βwakmɘ̈ miqʷwoš mɘ̈ raiụ [ˈβos.n̩βa ˈβwak.mɵ ˈmiqʷ.woʃ mɵ rai̯ʋ] < the particle βwakmɘ̈ "nothing, not at all" (from βwak më "not a thing summoned" cf βwat "to call out into fog, to summon") is placed before the negative verb to emphasize the negation. The older negation mɘ̈ is still present.
 * Red Sucumian  * vonv vakü mequvos mü raij [ˈvonv ˈva.kʉ ˈme.quvos mʉ rai̯j]
 * White Sucumian  * osa akm miɢoš mö raiw [oˈsa. akm̩ ˈmi.ɢoʃ mø rai̯w]
 * Silver Sucumian  * βosə oβwəgkm miqʷwoš mɘ̈ reiβ [ˈβos.n̩βa oˈβwəgm̩. ˈmiqʷ.woʃ mɵ rei̯β]
 * Yellow Sucumian
 * Dark
 * Dark Sucumian  * βootsnβa meuħʷloc mu oraaδ [ˈβoːt͡sn̩βa ˈmeu̯ħʷ.loç mu oˈraːð.]
 * Blue Sucumian  * βootsŋβa meuħʷloc mu oraaδ [ˈβoːt͡sŋβa ˈmeu̯ħʷ.loç mu oˈraːð.]
 * Green Sucumian
 * Gold Sucumian
 * Synraspian
 * Proto-Sumric ninkaba skǒxtə mu raan [ˈnim.kaba ˈskɔχ.tə mu raːn] < Proto-Sumric lost the older root for "daughter", instead innovating the word *nin-ka "wonderful woman". The PSN verb *aaβ- was replaced with *skǒxt- "to know, to be able"
 * Hajec niikp skoht mu rą [ˈniːkp ˈskoxt mu rã]
 * Tuuric
 * Old Tuura ningabi sgodo mu ruonti [ninˈka.pi skoˈto. mu ruo̯nˈtʰi.]
 * Steppe Tuura ningabi sgodo my ruonči [ninˈka.pi skoˈto. my ruo̯nˈtʃʰi.]
 * Kirudish ninhavi shuδu mi ronši [ninˈxa.βi sxuˈθu. mi ronˈʃi.]
 * Walvian: ninkap skut my ruonč [ninˈkap. skut my ruo̯nt͡ʃ]
 * Tasian: ningabi zgodo mi ruunči [ninˈga.bi zgoˈdo. mi ruːnˈtʃi.]
 * Tundra Tuura: ningabi sgodo mu ruonti [ninˈga.pi skoˈto. mu ruo̯ntʰi]
 * Theukish: niibi šodo mu reunti [niː'pi. ʃoˈto. mu reu̯ntʰi]
 * Trukian: nañæba sgodú mú raanś [nʲɐ'ñæ.pʲɐ skoˈtʊ. mʊ rɑːnsʲ]
 * Dhaulish: njæb sgæd mu runti [njæp skæt mʊ runtʰi]
 * Taiga Tuura: nîennap skûo'm rʷanth [nîe̯'nːəp. skûo̯m rʷantʰ]
 * Okiestans: nînab sgû'm rʷænδ [nîː'nəp. skûm rʷænθ]
 * Swarât: nîenab sgû'm hanδ ['nîe̯.nəp skûm ɣanð]
 * Sumric
 * Old Sumre nimga mȯ skohtӑmu rėnen [nímga mo skɔ̀ʰtʌ́mu rénɛn] < Possessive suffixes fell out of use, now possessive pronouns (mȯ "my") are used.
 * Alatir
 * Lammi †
 * Naumes
 * Old Naumes niggā mō skaḥtau hirmu redan [nígːaː móː skáʔtau xírmu rédan] < Old Naumes began negating verbs with hirmu', from Old Sumre skürmu'' "not (one) man".
 * Middle Naumes ngā mō skato hermu redn [n̩gːaː moː skáˈto. xerˈmu. rédn]
 * Naumes nögau mö sökato àirm ràidne [nɵˈgau. mɵ sɵkáˈto. əi̩rˈmu. rəi̯d'ne.]
 * Svatolian nko moa skoto ormu retn [nkɔ mɔə skɔˈtɔ. ɔrˈmu. rɛtn]
 * Laupre
 * Old Laupre
 * Laupre
 * Ize
 * Nusibara
 * Old Nusibara
 * East Middle Nusibara
 * East Nusibara
 * West Middle Nusibara
 * West Nusibara
 * North Middle Nusibara
 * North Nusibara
 * Kheldre
 * Mocic
 * Old Moca nīga mu skūsau myr rẹnen [níːga mú skúːsau mýr rɘ́nen] < Old Mocha made a new negator myr from mọ "no" and yr "instead, rather"
 * Early Kionc
 * Middle Kionc
 * Kionc
 * West Mocic
 * West Middle Moca njiga mu skwuzau mir rînę [njíga mú skwúzau mír rɨ́nẽ]
 * Kuagrish
 * North Kuagrish
 * South Kuagrish
 * West Kuagrish
 * Smigvian
 * North Smigvian
 * Mid Smigvian
 * South Smigvian
 * Landrish †
 * Morish njiga mu kwuzau mri rînæ [ˈnji.ga mu ˈkwu.zau mri ˈrɨ.nẽ]
 * West Morish † jiga mu uzau ri rînæ [ˈji.ga mu ˈu.zau ri ˈrɨ.næ]
 * North Morish
 * North Morish A
 * North Morish B
 * South Morish
 * South Morish A
 * South Morish B
 * Demish
 * North Demish
 * South Demish
 * Ramwic
 * Werish anjiga amwi askwizau mir rîna [ànjíga àmwí àskwízau mír rɨ́na]
 * Bawian ngeŋa mo sŋkozau mī inę [n̩géŋa mó sŋ̩kózau míː ínẽ]
 * Bawian A
 * Standard Bawian
 * Bawian C
 * Bawian D
 * Bawian E
 * Bawian F
 * Bomnian
 * Tiwian
 * South Tiwian
 * South Tiwian A
 * South Tiwian B
 * North Tiwian †
 * Mid Tiwian †
 * Klauwian
 * North Klauwian †
 * North-Mid Klauwian †
 * South Klauwian †
 * Insular Klauwian A
 * Insular Klauwian B
 * South-Mid Klauwian
 * South-Mid Klauwian A
 * South Mid Klauwian B
 * Mid Mocic
 * Mid Middle Moca njig mu skwuzau mir renę [njík mú skʰwúzau mír rénẽ]
 * Deugish
 * Draderic †
 * Tugrian
 * Grohian
 * Naharian
 * North Naharian
 * South Naharian
 * Eagian
 * Forest Eagian
 * Steppe Eagian
 * Coal Eagian
 * East Eagian
 * East Mocic
 * East Middle Moca njiga mu skwuzau mir renẽ [njíga mú skwúzau mír rénen]
 * Luabian †
 * North Luabian †
 * South Luabian ñika má skuázau mri rene [ɲíka mə skùə́zau mrí réne]
 * West Luabian
 * Ruakra †
 * North Raukra
 * Munewodic †
 * Lauka
 * North Lauka
 * South Lauka
 * Middle Sumric
 * Middle Sumri ma nimka shotӑmu rinen [má nímka sʔòtɤ́mu rínen] < the inalienable possession distinction from Old Sumre was lost, hence the use of a possessive pronoun before the noun
 * East Sumric
 * Late Middle Sumri a nĩka shotumu rin [á nĩ́ːka sʔòtúmu rín]
 * Chozh a ñku shotwom rin < Chozh lost the older nominative form of nouns, the older accusative becoming the default form instead. Chozh ˇnku "daughter" is from Late Middle Sumri nĩkuu, the accusative of nĩka.
 * Old Juakrish a nĩc hodum rin [á nĩ́ːç ʔódum rín]
 * Juakrish e níc hadom run[é níːç ʔádom rún]
 * West Sumric
 * Misiuri sothõvu ma nẽvakha rine [sòθṍwu má nẽ̀wáxa ríne] < change of word order from SVO to VSO.
 * South West Sumric
 * Early Medhio sothef ma nefua ri [sóθef má nẽ̀fúa rí]
 * Risorese soth ref ma nefua ri [sóθ réf má nèfúa rí] < Risorese began marking verbs with a negative auxiliary ref rather than the suffix -ef.
 * Medhio sothehref ma neho rère [sòθéhref má néfo rɘ́re] < Medhio innovated a new infinitive suffix -re plus a new 3SG subject marking on the verb -ref
 * North West Sumric
 * Primitive Branjish mubas sothau ma nēvakh rini [múbas sóθau má néːwax ríni] < Primitive Branjish began negating verbs with mubas, from mu bjas "no shit, no fuck"
 * Old Branjish mubas sathau ma nēvakh rin [múbɑs sɑ́θau má néːwɑx rín]
 * Branjish mobs sathau ma neoh ren [móbs sɑ́θau má néoh rén]
 * West Branjish mubs sathau ma nevkh rin [múbs sɑ́θau má névx rín]