Risorese

Risorese vocabulary

Risorese affixes

Risorese phrases

Risorese names

Risorese (endonym: Risoreșșe) is a South West Sumric language spoken in Vitsoresh by the Reș people. The language descends from Early Meddió and so is closely related to Meddió.

=Name=

The name Risorese is an anglicization of the native term Risoreșșe /risoréɕːe/ which is from ri so reșșe ("language of the Reș"). The term Reș or Reșșe denoting the ethnicity of the speakers is from Early Meddió which was the plural of, a derogatory term for someone of the Meșire who wasn't a believer of Lesgveiskism, itself from Misiuri  which was loaned from South Middle Mangeodge rapadisi ("foreign scum"). The Reș were persecuted for their beliefs and eventually they fled to their modern day nation where they adopted the derogatory term as their own name.

=Phonology=

Consonants
When a palatalised or labialised consonant is word final it is written with <ì> or <ù> respectively.

Phonotatics
The sequence /ɲk/ is [ɲc]
 *  /ʍíɲka/ [ʍíɲca]

Prosody
Risorese has a fixed pitch accent which it inherited from Old Sumrë's mix of mobile and fixed pitch. Middle Sumri experienced a change where all pitches became fixed to their syllable, albeit from a diachronic perspective as the difference pitch patterns of differently inflected stems was inherited (albeit fossilised) into Middle Sumri. This means that the pitch of an older stem appears mobile but fixed in newer stems (which arose due to derivation or loaning). The high pitch is always marked with an acute accent when not on the penultimate syllable, except for verbs where the pitch falls on the final syllable.

Umlaut
There is umlaut which stems from sound changes in Misiuri. It was conditioned by the presence of /i/ in a nearby syllable but this has since been obscured. The umlaut turns the vowels /a {e o} u/ into /e i y/.

Phonological History
u→i/_x

ai→e

x→ɕ

Cj Cw→Cʲ Cʷ

pʲ vʲ tʲ sʲ ɕʲ nʲ → pɕ vɕ t͡ɕ ɕ  ɕː ɲ

a→∅/#_F

w→ʍ/_E

B→∅/Cʲ_#

E→∅/Cʷ_#

∅→o/V_{r l}!V=o

N→ɲ/E_K

u→y/C[+palatal]_

kn→ŋk

fʷ→fː

=Nouns= Risorese has 3 noun cases which inflect for gender and number. The 12 cases are:


 * Nominative: marks the subject
 * Illative: movement into, inside
 * Allative: marks the indirect object, movement to

Common Nouns
The +U means that the vowel before the suffix is subject to umlaut.

If the noun ends in a vowel then it can be either -f or -m as it is determined by if the ancestor in Misiuri ended in the consonants /r l n m w j s/ or not, all of which were lost word finally in Early Meddió:
 * huiņka ("coin") > huiņkem ("coin-") < Misiuri
 * ua ("stinging insect") > uaf ("stinging insect-") < Misiuri

When a noun ends in -Vor(C) it is the V that takes the umlaut and not the /o/
 * saorv (“threat”) > seorvm (“threats”)

Some nouns have irregular plural forms. These are quite rare and tend to be relating to animals and everyday life:
 * rua (“bear”) > re (“bear-”)
 * moșa (“buzzard”) > mot (“buzzard-")
 * huit ("song") > huiș ("song-")

When a suffix beginning in a palatalising element attaches after the consonants /p v t s ɕ n/ they become /p͡ɕ v͡ɕ t͡ɕ ɕː ɲ/:

=Pronouns=

Personal Pronouns
The second person has various other forms which vary for formality which are as follows:

Interrogative Pronouns
=Demonstrative Pronouns=

Existential Pronouns
=Numbers= The number system in Risorese is very typical of Sumro-Letaeric languages, with the order being determined by animacy and agreement determined by the use of adjectives. The way that numbers agree with the head noun can be irregular due to the inflection descending directly from those in Proto-Sumro-Naukl and not experiencing analogy like nouns did. Numbers also do not agree to the case of the noun

Order
A number always follows the noun:


 * Animate: rua to ("one bear")
 * Inanimate: sihui tue ("one flower")

Agreement
Numbers do not agree with the buzzard or deer genders, instead they agree only with animate or inanimate. If a noun has the buzzard or deer gender then the number will agree to the semantic animacy of the noun (i.e if the noun represents a living sentient being). In terms of agreeing with number, the number 1 agrees with no number for obvious reasons. The numbers 2-10 agree with the plural. It is important to note that numbers higher than 10 do not agree whatsoever with the noun.

Number 1

The number one agrees only with the singular number and takes the following forms:


 * Animate nom: to
 * Inanimate nom: tue

Numbers 2-3


 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg: e, pe
 * Animate/inanimate nom.pl: er, pen

Number 4
 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg: u
 * Animate nom.pl: y
 * Inanimate nom.pl: hui

Number 5
 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg: pirt
 * Animate/inanimate nom.pl: pit

Number 6
 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg: pe
 * Animate nom.pl: pni
 * Inanimate nom.pl: pne

Number 7
 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg: symt
 * Animate nom.sg, inanimate nom.pl: symtșe

Number 8
 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg/pl: pșihui
 * Ianimate nom.pl: pșihuiiue

Number 9
 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg: pșe
 * Animate/inanimate nom.pl: pihui

Number 10
 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg: pui
 * Animate/inanimate nom.pl: pihuif

Numbers 11-19 The Numbers 11-19 are totally uninflectable and are as follows:
 * 11 tiv
 * 12 iv
 * 13 pim
 * 14 yf
 * 15 pir
 * 16 mim
 * 17 sym
 * 18 pihuiui
 * 19 pihuiv

The numbers cause the noun to take the delative plural and they always go before the noun:
 * {tef sym ksaef}} (there_is seventeen badger-{del.pl}}) "there are 17 badgers"

Numbers 20+ The numbers 20-100 are also don't agree with nouns and also trigger the delative plural case. The numbers 20-100 are as follows:
 * 20 ík
 * 30 pník
 * 40 yík
 * 50 pirík
 * 60 menk
 * 70 symtík
 * 80 pihuihuík
 * 90 pihuík
 * 100 puifík

To form numbers such as 25 or 74, the smaller number is placed before the larger number, with the larger number taking the allative ending -fat:
 * pit íkfat (five twenty-) "25"
 * u symtíkfat (four seventy-) "74"

To form numbers such as 200 or 300, the number puifík ("100") is replaced with puiff and modified by another number (which may follow or come before). The words for "1000" or "2000" are simply made in this manner by saying "10 100s" or "20 1000s" up until "10,000" which is "100 100s":
 * puiff e (hundred-{nom.pl}} two) "200"
 * puiff symt (hundred-{nom.pl}} seven) "700"
 * puiff pui (hundred-{nom.pl}} ten) "1000"

For more specific numbers like "438" or "694" the smaller number is placed before or after the larger number, with the last number taking the conjunctive clitic {-e}} ("and") after the allative ending:
 * puiff u pșihui pníkfate (hundred-{nom.pl}} four eight thirty-) "438"
 * puiff pe u pihuíkfate (hundred-{nom.pl}} six four ninety-) "694"

=Adjectives=

Agreeing with Buzzard nouns

 * eoro ("big") > moșa eoro ("big buzzard")
 * re ("strong") > moșa re ("strong buzzard")
 * nea ("weird") > moșa nea ("weird buzzard")
 * maki ("angry") > moșa maki ("angry buzzard")

Examples in the plural:
 * mot eorof ("big buzzards")
 * mot ref ("strong buzzards")

Agreeing with Deer nouns
When agreeing with a deer noun, the adjective takes on the same plural suffix -hue and not -ie.
 * seori ("old") > meu seori ("old world")
 * si ("holy") > meu si ("holy world")

Examples in the plural:
 * mehuie seorihue ("old words")
 * mehuie sihue ("holy worlds")

Agreeing with Animate nouns
Adjectives agree to animate B-nouns by adding the following suffixes onto the adjective. Adjectives agreeing to animate and inanimate nouns don't take on regular case ending like the deer and buzzard nouns do. Rather they have their own case paradigm shown below, this is true only for the nominative, accusative, genitive and dative cases with the locative cases being the same as as they are on nouns. When the adjective ends in a vowel the final vowel of the stem is deleted, when the stem ends in two vowels only the second vowel is deleted.


 * eoro ("big") > ref eorhue ("big trapper")
 * seori ("old") > ref seorihue ("old trapper")

Comparative and Superlative
The comparative is formed with a suffix on the adjective and with the compared to noun in the allative case. The suffix is -aor:


 * ruașe ("brave") > ruașeaor ("braver")

Some commonly used adjectives have irregular comparatives:
 * șe ("old") > seor ("older")
 * av ("sad") > vaor ("sadder")

efin si seor nifat

be.3S man old-COMP woman-ALL

"The man is older than the woman"

The superlative is formed with the suffix -aorno, or -uaorno if the adjective ends in a bilabial or velar followed by /a/, or -eorno if the adjective ends in an alveolar consonant followed by /a/.


 * ruașe ("brave") > ruașeaorno ("bravest")

Some commonly used adjectives have irregular superlatives:
 * șe ("old") > suaorno ("oldest")
 * av ("sad") > vaorno ("saddest")

efin si suaorno

be-3S man old-SUPL

"The man is the oldest"

It is very important to note that the comparative and superlative adjectives can only ever be predicative. If a noun must be modified by a comparative or superlative adjective then rather than being attributive, the adjective is placed in a relative clause:

si ka efin suaorno

man what be.3S old-SUPL

"The oldest man"

Agreeing with Inanimate nouns
Adjectives do not agree with inanimate O-nouns. Instead they have only their nominative singular forms when agreeing with inanimate O-nouns.

=Verbs= Risorese verbs are the most innovative aspect of the language, being much less morphologically complex than any of its ancestors. No verbs take on inflection but rather an auxiliary follows the verb which bears all of the inflection for the verb. Such processes existed in Early Meddió but only for loanwords but since Risorese came into heavy contact with the Nusibara languages and the Etjarutr languages, a growing number of verbs were treated this way until analogy made it so that every verb took on an auxiliary.

Present Tense
In the present tense no auxiliary is needed:


 * min mo ("I worry")
 * min ta ("you worry")
 * min ref ("it worries")

There are a small amount of irregular verbs which take an irregular form in the present tense except when negative.


 * tesrot ("to take") > tesi ("takes")

tesi mo

take/PRES I

"I take"

tesrot ref mo

take NEG I

"I don't take"

Future Tense
The future tense forms of the auxiliary are as follows


 * min ratut ta ("you will worry")
 * min rató ta ("you won't worry")

Past Tense
The past tense is formed by placing the past tense copula after the verb. The negative is formed by placing the auxiliary ref after the copula.

min mi ta

worry PST.2S you

"You worried"

min mi ref ta

worry PST.2S NEG you

"You didn't worry"

Imperative Mood
The imperative is marked by placing the particle im before the verb.


 * ist ("to carry") > im ist ("carry!")

When placed before adjectives or nouns it has the meaning of "be X!">


 * im are ("be a bird!")
 * im si ("be holy!")

Interrogative Mood
The interrogative mood is marked by using the interrogative copula ren after the bare verb stem. This is from the older interrogative form of the auxiliary re formed by a once productive nasal infix.

ie ren mo ta?

entertain AUX.INTERR I you

"Do I entertain you?"

The interrogative negative is formed with the auxiliary renref.

ie renref mo ta?

entertain AUX.INTERR.NEG I you

"Don't I entertain you?"

In the future and past tense the interrogative ren/renref goes after the tense marking auxiliary.

min rató renref ta?

worry FUT.NEG INTERR.NEG you

"Won't you worry?"

Subjunctive Mood
The subjunctive mood is marked with the auxiliary rif.


 * iseș ("to sleep")
 * iseș ta ("you sleep") > e iseș rif ta ("if you sleep")

The negative is formed with the auxiliary rifef.
 * e iseș rifef ta ("if you don’t sleep")

Jussive Mood
The jussive mood ("should, must") is marked with the auxiliary hui. The negative form is huiref.


 * iseș ("to sleep")
 * iseș hui mo ("I must sleep")
 * iseș huiref mo ("I musn't sleep")

Conditional Mood
The conditional mood ("would") is marked with the auxiliary aie with the negative form aief.


 * iseș aie ta ("you would sleep")

Passive
The passive is formed with the auxiliary iș with the negative form șef.

ko șef ref

sell PASS.NEG 3

"It isn't sold"

The passive and subjunctive mix together in the auxiliary ifiș with the negative fișef.

ko fișef ref

sell PASS.SUBJ.NEG 3

"if it isn't sold"

What is important to note about the auxiliaries is that they can be stacked after verbs to construct more intricate meanings.

ie șe ref aief șef mo?

entertain PST.INTERR.1S NEG COND.NEG PASS.NEG I

"Wouldn't I be entertained?"

Supine
The supine is a nominal verb which is required for a number of constructions. It is formed with the auxiliary re.


 * ko ("to sell") > ko re ("selling")
 * sef ("to travel") > sef re ("travelling")
 * des ("to weave") > des re ("weaving")

=Conjunctions=

Risorese has three words for "and", eut ("VP-and"), stey ("NP-and") and iefents ("ADJ-and") respectively. eut serves to join two verbs:

vin mo eut saore ta

write I VP_and age you

"I write and you age"

stey serves to join two nouns:

si stey ni

man NP_and woman

"The man and woman"

iefents serves to join two adjectives since no two predicate adjectives can appear right next to each other (neither attributively or predicatively):

ni șe iefenst maki

woman old AP_and angry

"The old and angry woman"