Mesió

Mesió vocabulary

l→∅/_V

j p→∅

w→f

o→a/_#

e →i/accented

i→e/unaccented

u→o/accented

ua au→o

aː ia→ai

VdCV→V̀CV́

VtC→V́C

aβ{a,o,u}→au

Eβ{a,o,u}→juː

y{ɣ x}i→yi

ø{ɣ x}i→y

o{ɣ x}V→o

V{ɣ x}{a o}→ua

V{ɣ x}ø→uo

V{ɣ x}u→uː

V{ɣ x}i→ui

ɸ β θ →f v h

ẽ ã õ → ɤ

ou→u

ɤ→e

v→w

pʷ {ɸʷ βʷ θʷ} sʷ kʷ nʷ xʷ ɣʷ→ pː w p x p ŋ f w

tʷ→twi

V→Ø/_#

r l n m w j s→ Ø/_#

iː eː yː uː oː→ je je iu wi we

ø→i

r→Ø/_{j w}

h→x

=Name= The name Mesió is a difect descendant of Misiuri which is from misiu + ri (“language”). The word misiu is one that didn’t last long and was outlived by its derived terms. It means “we who fish”, derived from the verb misito (“to fish”). The term was used due to how the speakers had to rely more on fishing to a disease which heavily affected the local game.

=South Middle Mangeodge Loanwords= The speakers of Misiuri had regular contact with speakers of South Middle Mangeodge for two hundred years between 3800AN to 4000AN during the Southern Crusade. During this time a lot of words were from from South Middle Mangeodge into Misiuri, these words related to activities and items that were new to the Misiuri speakers. Since at the the beginning of the Southern Crusade the Misiuri speakers were mostly fishermen and gatherers and the South Middle Mangeodge were part of a warlike, agricultural and religious society, many of the loanwords relate to war, farming and religion. Inanimate nouns which ended in -vi where loaned as -v (or with the whole ending dropped) since it resembled the Misiuri plural suffix so by analogy the -i was dropped to make it appear more like a singular noun. These words survived into Mesió

Warfare
 * aru (“to battle”) > jarue (“to battle”) < jaruti (“to battle”)
 * nafar (“army”) < naujarr (“army”) < naujarri (“army”)

Agriculture
 * sai (“flax”) < salajal (“flax”) < sjalajalvi (“flax”)
 * nia (“to harvest”) < nejae (“to harvest”) < nejati (“to harvest”)
 * snev (“autumn”) < snejev (“harvest”) < snejevi (“harvest”)
 * sov (“retting”) < slov (“retting”) < slovi (“retting”)
 * sariov (“comb”) < sarejov (“heckling comb”) < fzarejovi (“heckling comb”)
 * saiov (“cloth”) < salajalov (“linen”) < sjalajalovi (“linen”)
 * ar (“scythe”) < jarre (“scythe”) < jarjevi (“scythe”)
 * nasó (“stoat house”) < nasuja (“stoat house”) < nasuja (“stoat house”)
 * vafov (“jacket, coat”) < vaujov (“gambeson”) < fnvaujovi (“gambeson”)

Religion/Society
 * efak (“religion”) < levak (“Lesgveiskism”) < levaki (“Lesgveiskism”)
 * de (“Desavrei”) < dera (“the god Desavrei”) < derai (“Desavrei”)
 * saróle < sarules < sjarules
 * ef < jãvo < jamo
 * sarefa < sarõvasa < sjarumasai
 * vah < vathap < vatabi
 * so < sau < sauvi
 * prai < prala < pralja
 * or < joru < joru
 * kea < kealaja < kealaja
 * asofu < pasovakhi < baso vaki
 * raifo (“lord”) < raivon (“lord”) < raevonnejo (“lord”)
 * rasié (“village”) < raseje (“village”) < rasejevi (“village”)
 * pii (“conical tower”) < prienja (“conical tower”) < vrienja (“conical tower”)
 * as < paso (“head of the Lesgveiski church”) < baso (“head of the Lesgveiksi church”)
 * neuiaiseo (“bishop”) < nebhāsejosi (“bishop”) < nepazejosi (“bishop”)
 * na (“parish”) < nas (“parish”) < nasauvi (“parish”)
 * snango (“priest”) < snangjosi (“priest”) < snjangjosi (“priest”)
 * tornga (“church soldier”) < taurngjasi (“church soldier”) < taurngjasi (“church soldier”)
 * reha (“monk”) < rethas (“monk”) < redasi (“monk”)
 * imuesa (“temple”) < imvesas (“temple”) < invesas (“temple”)
 * nem < nemsa (“region, district, province”) < nemsavi (“church administrative region”)

Trade/Commerce
 * euov (“to buy”) < ivaubhe (“to buy”) < ivaubeti (“to name a price, to haggle”)
 * uinka (“coin”) < vinkas (“coin”) < vnkasuja (“coin”)
 * avkai (“bronze”) < avkaja (“bronze”) < avnkajavi (bronze”)

=Phonology=

Vowels

Consonants

Phonotactics

 * When a deer noun ends in a vowel and takes a suffix beginning in a vowel then the vowel of the stem will be dropped, unless the nouns ends in a diphthong in which case the vowel does not drop:
 * ("flower") > ("flower-")

Umlaut
Mesió’s umlaut is inherited from Proto-Sumric's ʉ-umlaut. Thanks to sound changes it is no longer as straightforward as it once was plus some patterns are no longer productive, having become fossilised in some stems. The umlaut is triggered when a syllable containing /i/ follows. This is only when the /i/ comes from Middle Sumri /ɪ/.

Prosody
Mesió has a fixed pitch accent which it inherited from Old Sumrë's mix of mobile and fixed pitch. Middle Sumri experienced a change where all pitches became fixed to their syllable, albeit from a diachronic perspective as the difference pitch patterns of differently inflected stems was inherited (albeit fossilised) into Middle Sumri. This means that the pitch of an older stem appears mobile but fixed in newer stems (which arose due to derivation or loaning). The high pitch is always marked with an acute accent.

=Nouns= Mesió has 3 noun cases which inflect for gender and number. The 12 cases are:


 * Nominative: marks the subject
 * Illative: movement into, inside
 * Allative: marks the indirect object, movement to

Common Nouns
The +U means that the vowel before the suffix is subject to umlaut.

Mesió's case system is much simpler than its predacessor's, losing most cases and ending up with only three plus rampant analogy. as can be seen in the table, a buzzard noun may take an ending containing either /f/ or /m/. If the buzzard noun ends in a consonant then the plural is the suffix is always -m:
 * ("tree") > ("tree-")

If the noun ends in a vowel then it can be either -f or -m as it is determined by if the Misiuri word ended in the consonants /r l n m w js/ or not, all of which were lost word finally in Mesió:
 * ("coin") > ("coin-") < Misiuri
 * ("stinging insect") > ("stinging insect-") < Misiuri

Some nouns have irregular plural forms. These are quite rare and tend to be relating to animals and everyday life:
 * (“bear”) > (“bear-”)
 * (“buzzard”) > (“buzzard-")
 * ("song") > ("song-")

=Pronouns=

Personal Pronouns
The second person has various other forms which vary for formality which are as follows:

Interrogative Pronouns
is an innovation since the older form of "where" became homophonous with "when". It is from ("which") and  ("place").

=Demonstrative Pronouns=

Existential Pronouns
=Numbers= The number system in Mesió is very typical of Sumro-Letaeric languages, with the order being determined by animacy and agreement determined by the use of adjectives. The way that numbers agree with the head noun can be irregular due to the inflection descending directly from those in Proto-Sumro-Naukl and not experiencing analogy like nouns did. Numbers also do not agree to the case of the noun

Order
A number always follows the noun:


 * Animate: ("one bear")
 * Inanimate: ("one flower")

Agreement
Numbers do not agree with the buzzard or deer genders, instead they agree only with animate or inanimate. If a noun has the buzzard or deer gender then the number will agree to the semantic animacy of the noun (i.e if the noun represents a living sentient being). In terms of agreeing with number, the number 1 agrees with no number for obvious reasons. The numbers 2-10 agree with the plural. It is important to note that numbers higher than 10 do not agree whatsoever with the noun.

Number 1

The number one agrees only with the singular number and takes the following forms:


 * Animate nom:
 * Inanimate nom:

Numbers 2-3

The numbers 2 and 3 agree only with the paucal numbers and take the following forms:

("two")

("three")


 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg:
 * Animate/inanimate nom.pl:

Number 4
 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg:
 * Animate nom.pl:
 * Inanimate nom.pl:

Number 5
 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg:
 * Animate/inanimate nom.pl:

Number 6
 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg:
 * Animate nom.pl:
 * Inanimate nom.pl:

Number 7
 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg:
 * Animate nom.sg, inanimate nom.pl:

Number 8
 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg/pl:
 * Ianimate nom.pl:

Number 9
 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg:
 * Animate/inanimate nom.pl:

Number 10
 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg:
 * Animate/inanimate nom.pl:

Numbers 11-19 The Numbers 11-19 are totally uninflectable and are as follows:
 * 11
 * 12
 * 13
 * 14
 * 15
 * 16
 * 17
 * 18
 * 19

The numbers cause the noun to take the delative plural and they always go before the noun:
 * (there_is seventeen badger-) "there are 17 badgers"

Numbers 20+ The numbers 20-100 are also don't agree with nouns and also trigger the delative plural case. The numbers 20-100 are as follows:
 * 20
 * 30
 * 40
 * 50
 * 60
 * 70
 * 80
 * 90
 * 100

To form numbers such as 25 or 74, the smaller number is placed before the larger number, with the larger number taking the allative ending -fat:
 * (five twenty-) "25"
 * (four seventy-) "74"

To form numbers such as 200 or 300, the number ("100") is replaced with  and modified by another number (which may follow or come before). The words for "1000" or "2000" are simply made in this manner by saying "10 100s" or "20 1000s" up until "10,000" which is "100 100s":
 * (hundred- two) "200"
 * (hundred- seven) "700"
 * (hundred- ten) "1000"

For more specific numbers like "438" or "694" the smaller number is placed before or after the larger number, with the last number taking the conjunctive clitic  ("and") after the allative ending:
 * (hundred- four eight thirty-) "438"
 * (hundred- six four ninety-) "694"

=Adjectives=

Agreeing with Buzzard nouns
Like nouns, adjectives in the buzzard gender take the connective suffix -v before the case/number suffix. When in the nominative singular no agreement is needed:


 * ero ("big") > moha ero ("big buzzard")
 * re ("strong") > moha re ("strong buzzard")
 * nea ("weird") > moha nea ("weird buzzard")
 * maki ("angry") > moha maki ("angry buzzard")

Examples in the plural:
 * mot erof ("big buzzards")
 * mot ref ("strong buzzards")

Agreeing with Deer nouns
When agreeing with a deer noun, the adjective takes on the same plural suffix -ue and not -ie.
 * seri ("old") > meu seri ("old world")
 * si ("holy") > meu si ("holy world")

Examples in the plural:
 * meuie seriue ("old words")
 * meuie siue ("holy worlds")

Agreeing with Animate nouns
Adjectives agree to animate B-nouns by adding the following suffixes onto the adjective. Adjectives agreeing to animate and inanimate nouns don't take on regular case ending like the deer and buzzard nouns do. Rather they have their own case paradigm shown below, this is true only for the nominative, accusative, genitive and dative cases with the locative cases being the same as as they are on nouns. When the adjective ends in a vowel the final vowel of the stem is deleted, when the stem ends in two vowels only the second vowel is deleted.


 * ero ("big") > ref erue ("big trapper")
 * seri ("old") > ref seriue ("old trapper")

Agreeing with Inanimate nouns
Adjectives do not agree with inanimate O-nouns. Instead they have only their nominative singular forms when agreeing with inanimate O-nouns.

=Verbs=

Future
The three future tenses of Old Sumrë were all lost in Middle Sumri. Instead of its parents future tenses, Middle Dumri uses the suffix -tutt after the person endings. This is from Old Sumrë dut (“then”).
 * miirküraa (“I teach”) > miirküraatutt (“I will teach”)
 * esttaa (“I carry”) > esttaatutt (“I will carry”)