Smia

=Nouns= Smia has 12 noun cases which inflect for gender and number. The 12 cases are:


 * Nominative: marks the subject
 * Accusative: marks the direct object
 * Genitive: marks possesison
 * Vocative: marks a directly addressed noun
 * Superessive: on the surface of, above
 * Subessive: under
 * Illative: movement into, inside
 * Perlative: movement through or along
 * Allative: marks the indirect object, movement to
 * Comitative: in company with, with, beside
 * Delative: movement down from a surface, from
 * Prolative: though something, by way of

Additional use of cases Along with their main uses, several cases are also used for finer constructions. Here is a list of each case and it's alternative uses:


 * Accusative
 * extent of space
 * smos môru (walk- mammoth-) "I walked the length of a mammoth"
 * Genitive
 * has X quality
 * miere nirara (island grass-) "island of grass"
 * Allative
 * Benfective
 * so miga (for fish-) "for the fish"
 * Change or transition into
 * ogcu rie pasa (freeze- water ice-) "the water freezes into ice"
 * Patient of experiential verb
 * syro miga (see- fish-) "I see a fish"
 * iuso miga (hear- fish-) "I hear a fish"
 * pefo miga (smell- fish-) "I smell a fish"
 * Until
 * smosi smarimo çarioza (walk- foot- -hurt-) "I will walk until my feet hurt"
 * Temporal
 * rio iogë a neresor (like- walk- spring-) "I like to walk in spring"
 * Subessive
 * Cause (because of, therefore, since, as - trigger the passive mood)
 * uvsa remiä terog Pirisinü (take- his sword Pirităn-) "because his sword was taken my Piridăn
 * Comitative
 * Duration
 * syrs mik ontazie (swim- fish day-) "the fish swam for days"
 * Similies
 * merips piiures mi (be- hero- noble) "you are noble like a hero"
 * made of X material
 * karioziaziompes hagoia temazie (make- axe- stone-) "they made axes from stone"
 * Composed of or containing X object
 * riera ifosuzie (stream frog-) "a stream of frogs"
 * concerning, about
 * fo rosozie (story giant- ("a story about giants")
 * Delative
 * Paritive, some of, a bit of
 * togos rieiima ("drink- water=) "I drank some water"

Collective and Singulative nouns
Smia nouns can take on collective forms meaning "X in general" or "many X". This is achieved by reduplicating the final CVC sequence of a noun. If the noun ends in VCV or CCV, then an epenthetic consonant is inserted at the end of the reduplicated syllable. If the left-most consonant is p or pp then the epenthetic consonant is m. If the left-most consonant is i (or the final vowel is i then the reduplicated syllable is iie) then the epenthetic consonant is i. Elsewise the epenthetic consonant is n. When the noun ends in VVC then the epenthetic consonant goes at the front of the reduplicated syllable. When the noun ends in VCC, only the first VC reduplicates
 * ragi ("tree") > ragisi ("tree-")
 * asa ("flame") > asisï ("flame-")
 * siba ("flower") > sibabä ("flower-")
 * uria ("finger, toe") > uriaie ("finger-")
 * nias ("line") > niaznas ("line-")
 * nôr ("handle") > nôsôr ("handle-")

Non-reduplicated-collectives
There are, of course, nouns which are inherently collective. These nouns usually refer to liquids (water, saliva, blood), liquid-like solids (mud, sand), gases or gas-like substances (air, steam, clouds), solids which can have smaller chunks carved or sliced from (meat, ice, wax, fat, wood) or insects which live in colonies. These nouns can have singulative nouns derived with the suffix \sco{-(a)nz} (from Old Sumrë -(a)nc, derived from Proto-Sumric *təts- "child" and cognate to Hajec tits "child") (with /a/ only being included when the root ends in a consonant).
 * rie ("water") > riens ("drop of water")
 * e ("blood") > ens ("drop of blood")
 * ça ("ice") > çons ("block of ice")
 * toga ("sand") > togans ("grain of sand")
 * ogu ("wasp colony") > ogns ("wasp")

There are a handful of inherently collective nouns which don't refer to the above criteria, instead these nouns can mean anything. They descend from Proto-Sumric reduplicated-collective nouns whose singular stems fell out of use, leaving only the collective form to survive into Smia. Thanks to the sound changes which have occurred between Proto-Sumric and Old Sumrë and Smia, these nouns may not look like reduplicated stems anymore.


 * tyfior ("many bolases") > tyfiorans ("bolas")
 * unyr ("many snow goggles") > unyrans ("a pair of snow goggless")
 * ofiua ("many hawks") > obiuians ("hawk")
 * çagï ("many oak trees") > çakmans ("oak tree")
 * uiokin ("many ferns") > uioknans ("fern")
 * iiknä ("many boars") > iiknamans ("boar")
 * onsarä ("many bulbs") > onsaramans ("bulb")
 * anonü ("many finches") > anommans ("finch")
 * ioknä ("many guests") > ióknamans ("guest")
 * tuásni ("many willow trees") > tuásnians ("willow tree")
 * nafofos ("many newts") > nafofozans ("newt")