Misiuri

Misiuri vocabulary

Misiuri affixes

=Name= The name  is from + (“language”). The word is one that didn’t last long and was outlived by its derived terms. It means “we who fish”, derived from the verb MISITO (“to fish”). The term was used due to how the speakers had to rely more on fishing due to a disease which heavily affected the local game.

=South Middle Mangeodge Loanwords= The speakers of Misiuri had regular contact with speakers of South Middle Mangeodge for two hundred years between 3800AN to 4000AN during the Southern Crusade. During this time a lot of words were from from South Middle Mangeodge into Misiuri, these words related to activities and items that were new to the Misiuri speakers. Since at the the beginning of the Southern Crusade the Misiuri speakers were mostly fishermen and gatherers and the South Middle Mangeodge were part of a warlike, agricultural and religious society, many of the loanwords relate to war, farming and religion. Inanimate nouns which ended in -vi where loaned as -v (or with the whole ending dropped) since it resembled the Misiuri plural suffix so by analogy the -i was dropped to make it appear more like a singular noun. All verbs loaned into Misiuri are treated as analytic verbs.

Warfare
 * (“to battle”) < jaruti (“to battle”)
 * (“army”) < naujarri (“army”)

Agriculture
 * (“flax”) < sjalajalvi (“flax”)
 * (“to harvest”) < nejati (“to harvest”)
 * (“harvest”) < snejevi (“harvest”)
 * (“retting”) < slovi (“retting”)
 * (“heckling comb”) < fzarejovi (“heckling comb”)
 * (“linen”) < sjalajalovi (“linen”)
 * (“scythe”) < jarjevi (“scythe”)
 * (“stoat house”) < nasuja (“stoat house”)
 * (“gambeson”) < fnvaujovi (“gambeson”)

Religion/Society
 * (“Lesgveiskism”) < levaki (“Lesgveiskism”)
 * (“the god Desavrei”) < derai (“Desavrei”)
 * < sjarules
 * < jamo
 * < sjarumasai
 * < vatabi
 * < sauvi
 * < pralja
 * < joru
 * < kealaja
 * < baso vaki
 * (“lord”) < raevonnejo (“lord”)
 * (“village”) < rasejevi (“village”)
 * (“conical tower”) < vrienja (“conical tower”)
 * (“head of the Lesgveiski church”) < baso (“head of the Lesgveiksi church”)
 * (“bishop”) < nepazejosi (“bishop”)
 * (“parish”) < nasauvi (“parish”)
 * (“priest”) < snjangjosi (“priest”)
 * (“church soldier”) < taurngjasi (“church soldier”)
 * (“monk”) < redasi (“monk”)
 * (“temple”) < invesas (“temple”)
 * (“region, district, province”) < nemsavi (“church administrative region”)

Trade/Commerce
 * (“to buy”) < ivaubeti (“to name a price, to haggle”)
 * (“coin”) < vnkasuja (“coin”)
 * (“bronze”) < avnkajavi (bronze”)

=Phonology=

Vowels

Consonants

Phonotactics

 * When a root ends in a vowel and takes a suffix beginning in a vowel then the vowel of the stem will be dropped and the vowel of the suffix will lengthen.
 * ("flame") > ("flame-")
 * When any plosive comes into contact with /s/, it is lost.
 * ("fist"} + ("vocative suffix") >
 * Before long vowels, /l/ becomes [ɾ]:
 * [mø̀iɾgʷíle] ("to teach") > [mø̀iɾgʷíɾai] ("I teach")
 * The combinations of and  result in /s/ and /Vːs/ respectively.
 * ("to carry") + ("imperative suffix") >  ("carry-")
 * ("to think ahead") + ("imperative suffix") >  ("think ahead-")
 * Between vowels /v/ is [w]:
 * [mèwóθai] ("rewarding")
 * [mówo] ("mammoth")
 * [stɾáwe] ("to remember")

Umlaut
Misiuri’s umlaut is inherited from Proto-Sumric's ʉ-umlaut. Thanks to sound changes it is no longer as straightforward as it once was plus some patterns are no longer productive, having become fossilised in some stems. The umlaut is triggered when a syllable containing /i/ follows. This is only when the /i/ comes from Middle Sumri /ɪ/.

The vowel /ø/ is not affected by umlaut. /i a/ become /i ø/ only when before liquids.

Pre-Syllabic Epenthesis
In Misiuri there are a set of nouns called zero-nouns which descend from Middle Sumri nouns which had syllabic consonants. Misiuri lost syllabic consonants when it turned them into vowel-consonant sequences. Turning /m̩ n̩ r̩ s̩ v̩ l̩/ into /um un ur us uv ul/ or /øm øn ør øs øv øl/. Despite this they still behave in the same in that vowels of affixes are reduplicated before the formally syllabic consonant. In some cases where the consonant was /r/ it will have been dropped when next to /t/:


 * ("melody") + ("buzzard nominative plural suffix") >  ("melodies")
 * ("eyelash") + ("genitive suffix") >  ("eyelash's")

If the reduplicated vowel follows /j/, then /j/ is reduplicated also as /i/, even if it is lost in the suffix due to other ("melody") +  ("buzzard delative suffix") >  ("from a melody")

Prosody
Misiuri has a fixed pitch accent which it inherited from Old Sumrë's mix of mobile and fixed pitch. Middle Sumri experienced a change where all pitches became fixed to their syllable, albeit from a diachronic perspective as the difference pitch patterns of differently inflected stems was inherited (albeit fossilised) into Middle Sumri. This means that the pitch of an older stem appears mobile but fixed in newer stems (which arose due to derivation or loaning). The high pitch is always marked with an acute accent, or in the case of the letter <ö>, with the varient <ő>. The high pitch is nor marked if it falls on the penultimate syllable, or if a stem is monosyllabic. The hihgh pitch always follows the low pitch, some words have lost their high pitched syllable leaving only the low pitch. In this case the low pitch is marked with a grave accent, or <ö> as <ȍ>.

Phonological History
sk→ʃ

∅→a/m_k

VRC→VRəC/_#

C→∅/_#!C=Cː

Cː→C/_#

Cː→Ø/C_, _C

ə→ɤ

C[-voice]→C[+voice]/C[+voice]_

C[+voice]→C[-voice]/C[-voice]_

tst→st

a {e o} u→ e ø y/_...i

p pː tː {k kː} Vm mː → β ɸ θ x Ṽv m/V_V

w, r, l→∅/T_V

bd→db

r→∅/_t, t_

iː ɪː eː øː aː→ øi oɪ øe ua /C[+bilabial]_

iː ɪː eː øː aː → wi wɪ ue uø ua/C[+velar]_

eː øː aː→ ei øi ai/C[+alveolar]_

Vz→Vːs

m̩ n̩ r̩ s̩ v̩ l̩ → øm øn ør øs øv øl/C[+bilabial]_

m̩ n̩ r̩ s̩ v̩ l̩ → um un ur us uv ul/C[+velar]_

m̩ n̩ r̩ s̩ v̩ l̩ → im in ir is iv il/else

ɤ(ː)→o(ː)

ɾj ɾʷ→rː

fʷ vʷ → vː

ɪ(ː)→i(ː)

z→s

mʷ→mu

Vʔ→Ṽ!V=Vː

ʔ→Ø

{ĩ ỹ ø̃} ũ→ẽ õ

øː→ey

sɾ→stɾ

j→Ø/_i

=Nouns= Misiuri has 7 noun cases which inflect for gender and number. The 7 cases are:


 * Nominative: marks the subject
 * Accusative: marks the direct object
 * Genitive: marks possession
 * Illative: movement into, inside
 * Allative: marks the indirect object, movement to
 * Comitative: in company with, with, beside. through or along, by way of, instrumental
 * Delative: movement down from a surface, from

Additional use of cases Along with their main uses, several cases are also used for finer constructions. Here is a list of each case and it's alternative uses:


 * Accusative
 * extent of space

SUP/walk COP.1S.PST mammoth-ACC

"I walked the lenght of a mammoth"
 * Genitive
 * has X quality

island grass-GEN

"Island of grass"
 * Allative
 * Benfective

fish-ALL for

"for the fish"


 * Change or transition into
 * Patient of experiential verb
 * Until
 * Temporal
 * Subessive
 * Cause (because of, therefore, since, as - trigger the passive mood)
 * Comitative
 * Duration
 * Similies
 * made of X material
 * Composed of or containing X object
 * concerning, about
 * Delative
 * Paritive, some of, a bit of

Common Nouns
When a buzzard noun takes on any inflection it first must add the connecting suffix or. This is due to Misiuri’s history of having dropped word final consonants. In the nom.sg these word final consonants were dropped but were retained when suffixes where added, rendering it non-final. For a short time after these resurfacing consonants were reanalysed as connective suffixes and they began to be affected by analogy heavily. For many obscure words the connecting consonant just because because that is the consonant typically associated with the buzzard gender. Eventually -m gained more traction and became the only connecting suffix for all buzzard nouns. When lenition came aboute the /VmV/ sequences became /ṼwV/ so when the following suffix began in a vowel this change was triggered, along with the merger of various nasal vowels. The oral vowels /i y ø u/ correspond to the nasal vowels /ẽ ẽ ẽ õ/:
 * (“wasp”) > (“wasp-”)

Some buzzard nouns however do have word final consonants. These are when the final consonant used to be a geminate or simply that the word was loaned from South Middle Mangeodge. In such case the still resurfaces due to how strong the analogy: An exception is the proper name Rön, the name of a spirit revered in Renef. This name derives from the Old Sumre Ryn and sporadically kept its final consonant. It takes on the buzzard suffixes without change:
 * (“coin”) > (“coin-”)

Any suffixes containing /i/ or /iː/ as its first vowel trigger umlaut on the final vowel of the noun. The umlaut pattern is /a e o u/ > /e ø ø y/. Note that all nasal vowels become /ẽ/ under umlaut:
 * (“wask”) > (“wasp-”)
 * (“coin”) > (“coin-”)
 * (“guest”) > (“guest-”)
 * (“world”) > (“world-”)

Some nouns have irregular nominative plural, accusative and genitive forms. These typically descend from Middle Sumri nouns that ended in Vr Vl Vn Vs:
 * (“bear”) > (“bear-”),  (“bear-”),  (“bear-”).
 * (“buzzard”) > (“buzzard-,  (“buzzard-”),  (buzzard-”)

When a deer noun contains word final /i/ it causes umlaut on the preceding syllable. When inflected this /i/ will disappear and the umlaut will be undone with the following patter:
 * ("place in a pond where fish hide") > ("place in a pond where fish hide-")

Collective and Singulative nouns
Misiuri nouns can take on collective forms meaning "X in general" or "many X". This is achieved by reduplicating the final CV sequence of a noun. Lenited consonants will unlenite if made next to another consonant:
 * ("tree") > ("tree-")
 * ("flame") > ("flame-")
 * ("flower") > ("flower-")
 * ("letter") > ("letter-")

When the noun is a deer noun ending in /i/,ghe final vowel is simply lengthened:
 * ("finger, toe") > ("finger-")

Non-reduplicated-collectives
There are, of course, nouns which are inherently collective. These nouns usually refer to liquids (water, saliva, blood), liquid-like solids (mud, sand), gases or gas-like substances (air, steam, clouds), solids which can have smaller chunks carved or sliced from (meat, ice, wax, fat, wood) or insects which live in colonies. These nouns were once derived via a productive method in Old Sumrë but in Misiuri these words are mere fossils of that fact:
 * ("blood") > ("drop of blood")
 * ("ice") > ("block of ice")

Middle Sumri had a number on nouns which were inherently collective and had singulative nouns derived from them. Misiuri reanalysed these nouns, making the singulative nouns become singular and the collective nouns become full lexical items denoting a collection of said noun. The two stems became fully different nouns at this point. Here are those nouns:


 * ("tool box") > ("bolas")
 * ("accessory bkx") > ("a pair of snow goggless")
 * ("canopy") > ("hawk")
 * ("oak forest") > ("oak tree")
 * ("land covered in ferns") > ("fern")
 * ("a herd of boars") > ("boar")
 * ("field") > ("bulb")
 * ("flock of finches") > ("finch")
 * ("party") > ("guest")
 * ("willow forest") > ("willow tree")
 * ("pond") > ("newt")

=Pronouns=

Personal Pronouns
Singular

Misiuri has various versions of the second person pronoun which vary depending on the social situation. When speaking informally to another of a similar age the pronoun is used. When speaking formally to some of a similar age then the vocative form is preferred. Speaking informally to a loved one or someone held dear requires the pronoun, when formal the pronoun is used. When speaking to someone significantly older in an informal situation then is used, formally it is. When speaking in a derogatory or condescending manner is used, or  when being downright insulting.

Plural

Possessive Pronouns
in the possessive pronouns all of the locative cases take on the older allatave pronouns, forming a locative case which agrees to any locative case.

Interrogative Pronouns
The pronoun kana is an innovation, from (“what”) and  (“person”). It was created because the older form of who came to become homophonous with (“what”).

=Demonstrative Pronouns=

Existential Pronouns
=Numbers= The number system in Misiuri is very typical of Sumro-Letaeric languages, with the order being determined by animacy and agreement determined by the use of adjectives. The way that numbers agree with the head noun can be irregular due to the inflection descending directly from those in Proto-Sumro-Naukl and not experiencing analogy like nouns did.

Order
A number always follows the noun:


 * Animate: ("one bear")
 * Inanimate: ("one flower")

Agreement
Numbers do not agree with the buzzard or deer genders, instead they agree only with animate or inanimate. If a noun has the buzzard or deer gender then the number will agree to the semantic animacy of the noun (i.e if the noun represents a living sentient being). In terms of agreeing with number, the number 1 agrees with no number for obvious reasons. The numbers 2-10 agree with the plural. It is important to note that numbers higher than 10 do not agree whatsoever with the noun.

Numbers only agree with the three traditional cases (nominative, accusative, and genitive). For any other case the nominative form of the noun is used. Numbers also only agree with the nouns case if an adjective is modifying the noun, if there is no adjective then the numbers takes the nominative case:


 * (bear- one-) ("one bear's")
 * (bear- big- one-) ("one big bear's")

Number 1

The number one agrees only with the singular number and takes the following forms:


 * Animate nom:
 * Inanimate nom, inanimate/animate acc, inanimate/animate gen:

Numbers 2-3


 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg:
 * Animate acc.sg, inanimate gen.sg:
 * Animate gen.sg:
 * Animate nom.pau1/2:
 * Inanimate nom.pau1/2:
 * Animate/inanimate acc.pau1, animate gen.pau2:
 * Animate gen.pau1:
 * Inanimate gen.pau1:
 * Animate acc.pau2:
 * Inanimate acc.pau2:
 * Inanimate gen.pau2:

Number 4
 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg:
 * Animate nom.pl:
 * Inanimate nom.pl, inanimate gen.pl:
 * Animate/inanimate acc.sg, inanimate gen.sg, animate gen.pl, animate acc.pl:
 * Inanimate acc.pl:
 * Animate gen.sg:

Number 5
 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg:
 * Animate nom.pl:
 * Inanimate nom.pl, inanimate gen.sg/pl, animate/inanimate acc.sg, animate acc.pl:
 * Inanimate acc.pl:
 * Animate gen.sg:

Number 6
 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg:
 * Animate nom.pl:
 * Inanimate nom.pl:
 * Animate/inanimate acc.sg, inanimate gen.sg, animate gen.pl, inanimate acc.pl, inanimate gen.pl:
 * Inanimate acc.pl:
 * Animate/inanimate gen.sg:

Number 7
 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg:
 * Animate nom.sg, inanimate nom.pl:
 * Animate/inanimate acc/sg, inanimate gen.sg, animate gen.pl, animate acc.pl:
 * Animate gen.sg:
 * Inanimate acc.pl:
 * Inanimate gen.pl:

Number 8
 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg/pl:
 * Ianimate nom.pl:
 * Animate acc.sg, inanimate gen.sg, animate gen.pl, animate acc.pl:
 * Inanimate acc.sg:
 * Inanimate acc.pl:
 * Animate gen.sg:
 * Inanimate gen.pl:

Number 9
 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg:
 * Animate nom.pl:
 * Inanimate nom.pl:
 * Animate acc.sg, inanimate gen.sg, animate/inanimate gen.pl,,animate acc.pl:
 * Inanimate acc.sg:
 * Inanimate acc.pl:
 * Animate gen.sg:

Number 10
 * Animate/inanimate nom.sg:
 * Animate nom.pl:
 * Inanimate nom.pl, inanimate gen.pl:
 * Animate/inanimate acc.sg/pl, inanimate gen.sg, animate gen.pl:
 * Inanimate acc.pl:
 * Animate gen.sg:

Numbers 11-19 The Numbers 11-19 are totally uninflectable and are as follows:
 * 11
 * 12
 * 13
 * 14
 * 15
 * 16
 * 17
 * 18
 * 19

The numbers cause the noun to take the delative plural and they always go before the noun:

EXIST badger-DEL.PL seventeen

"There are 17 badgers"

Numbers 20+ The numbers 20-100 are also don't agree with nouns and also trigger the delative plural case. The numbers 20-100 are as follows:
 * 20
 * 30
 * 40
 * 50
 * 60
 * 70
 * 80
 * 90
 * 100

To form numbers such as 25 or 74, the smaller number is placed before the larger number, with the larger number taking the comitative suffix -es:
 * (five twenty-) "25"
 * (four seventy-) "74"

To form numbers such as 200 or 300, the number ("100") is made plural as  and modified by another number (which may follow or come before). The words for "1000" or "2000" are simply made in this manner by saying "10 100s" or "20 1000s" up until "10,000" which is "100 100s":
 * (hundred- two) "200"
 * (hundred- seven) "700"
 * (hundred- ten) "1000"

For more specific numbers like "438" or "694" the smaller number is placed before or after the larger number, with the last number taking the conjunctive clitic :
 * (hundred- four eight thirty-) "438"
 * (hundred- six four ninety-) "694"

=Adjectives=

Agreeing with Buzzard nouns
Like nouns, adjectives in the buzzard gender take the connective suffix before the agreement suffix.:


 * ("big") > ("big buzzard")
 * ("strong") > ("strong buzzard")
 * ("weird") > ("weird buzzard")
 * ("angry") > ("angry buzzard")

Examples in the genitive case:
 * ("big buzzard's")
 * ("strong buzzard's")

Agreeing with Deer nouns
If an adjective ends in a vowel then no change is needed to make it agree, meaning no connective suffix is used. Rather when placed in a case where the suffix begins in a vowel, the last vowel of the adjective is dropped and the vowel in the case suffix is lengthened:
 * ("old") > ("old world")
 * ("holy") > ("holy world")

Examples in the accusative case:
 * ("old word-")
 * ("holy world-")

Agreeing with Animate nouns
Adjectives agree to animate B-nouns by adding the suffix onto the adjective. Adjectives agreeing to animate and inanimate nouns don't take on regular case ending like the deer and buzzard nouns do. Rather has its own case paradigm shown below, this is true only for the nominative, accusative, genitive and dative cases with the locative cases being the same as as they are on nouns. When the adjective ends in a vowel the final vowel of the stem is deleted, when the stem ends in two vowels only the second vowel is deleted.


 * ("big") > ("big trapper")
 * ("old") > ("old trapper")

Agreeing with Inanimate nouns
Adjectives agree with inanimate O-nouns by adding the suffix. Like the suffix has its own case paradigm.


 * ("big cobweb")
 * ("old cobweb")

Comparative and Superlative
The comparative is formed with a suffix on the adjective and with the compared to noun in the allative case. The suffix is but there are two allophones depending on how the adjective ends. If the adjective ends in a bilabial or velar consonant followed by /a/ then the suffix is. If the adjective ends in an alveolar consonant followed by /a/ then the suffix is.


 * ("sad") > ("sadder")
 * ("old") > ("older")
 * ("foreign") > ("more foreign")

be.3S man old-COMP woman-ALL

"The man is older than the woman"

The superlative is formed with the suffix, or if the adjective ends in a bilabial or velar followed by /a/, or  if the adjective ends in an alveolar consonant followed by /a/.


 * ("sad") > ("saddest")
 * ("old") > ("oldest")
 * ("foreign") > ("most foreign")

be-3S man old-SUPL

"The man is the oldest"

It is very important to note that the comparative and superlative adjectives can only ever be predicative. If a noun must be modified by a comparative or superlative adjective then rather than being attributive, the adjective is placed in a relative clause:

man what be.3S old-SUPL

"The oldest man"

=Verbs=

Misiuri has a set of verb classes, each with their own paradigms. Each will be explained below.

Common Verbs
Misiuri has three tenses which are past, present and future. Only the present and future are marked on the verb itself. The Middle Sumri past tense and past perfect was lost thanks to sound changes merging the endings. To fill the gap Misiuri started forming the past by placing the past tense copula after the supine verb stem, the interrogative copula is used to mark the interrogative past tense:

harvest COP.3S.BUZZ.PST woman

"The woman harvested"

?

harvest COP.3S.BUZZ.PST.INT woman

"Did the woman harvest?"

The 1PL and 2PL suffixes are identical but are distinguished by their effects on the verb stem itself. Since the 1PL in Middle Sumri contained [ʷɪ] it doesn not trigger umlaut but instead caused the preceding consonant to become labialised. Meanwhile the 2PL suffixes (plus the 3PL suffixes) do trigger umlaut and cause no labialisation:


 * [méne] ("to worry")
 * [ménʷi] ("we worry")
 * [mǿni] ("you- worry")

The various 1S suffixes are allomorphs of and. The forms with /ua/ appear when the preceding consonant is bilabial or velar and the forms with /ai/ appear when the preceding consonant is alveolar. Elsewise the forms contain the long vowel:


 * ("I sleep")
 * ("I worry")
 * ("I sell")

The negative is formed by placing the suffix on the verb after any person endings or TAM suffixes. If the preceeding syllable ends in a vowel then the suffix is which the preceding vowel becoming nasal. In the past tense it is the copula which takes the negative suffix.


 * ("we don't worry")
 * ("we will not worry")
 * ("we did not worry")

Analytic Verbs
Analytic verbs do not inflect at all̇ Instead they are accompanied by an auxiliary that follows the verb and inflect to show TAM information. Verbs in this class are always loanwords, originally coming from a way for Old Sumrë to deal with exotic Widosiuge loaned verbs. This class remained quite small until Misiuri when the language came into heavy contact with South Middle Mangeodge and loaned a large amount of words. All loaned verbs are analytic verbs. The auxiliary is and it inflects as a common verb.


 * ("to calm, to subdue")

tame do-1S bird-ACC

"I tame a bird"


 * ("to harvest")

harvest AUX.1S COP.1S.PST.NEG flax

"I didn't harvest flax"

Zero-Grade Verbs
Zero-grade are verbs which descend from Middle Sumri verbs which contained syllabic consonants. Middle Sumri had a process where the vowels of suffixes are reduplicated before syllabic consonants, rendering them non-syllabic. Misiuri had sound changed which inserted vowels before all syllabic consonants but the reduplicated vowels form Middle Sumri survived, so while the verbs are no longer truly zero-grade they still possess the vowel reduplication. This has led to this small group of verbs becoming quite irregular. All zero grade vowels contain /e/ in the infinitive.


 * ("to weave")
 * ("to weave")
 * ("I weave")
 * ("you weave")
 * ("weaving")
 * ("to stray")
 * ("to stray")
 * ("they stray")
 * ("straying")

Umlaut Verbs
Umlaut verbs are verbs whose stems contain the vowel /i/ after a labialised consonant in the final syllable. Since this vowel triggers umalut on vowels in surrounding syllables it affects verb endings. The suffixes of umlaut verbs are the same as common verbs albeit with the umlaut. An umlaut verb is identifiable by the infinitive ending instead of.

Eas-Verbs
Eas-verbs are verbs which have been derived from nouns and adjectives with the suffix. In these verbs the suffix functions as an infinitive.

The variants with three forms are used depending on the preceding consonant. If the consonant is bilabial then the forms are used. If the consonant is velar then the forms are used. Elsewise the long vowel form is used

To-verbs
To-verbs are verbs which descend from Old Sumrë verbs which were derived with the suffix -two or the suffix -oswu. The Misiuri descendants end in or.

S-Verbs
S-verbs differ only in the first person singular where the endings contain /a/.

S2-Vebs

 * ("to write")
 * ("I write")
 * ("you write")

R Verbs
R-verbs are those which experience a consonant alternation form /s f d v t/ to /ɾ/. The verb endings themselves are the same as in common nouns.
 * ("to take") > ("you take")

R2 Verbs

 * ("to row")
 * ("I row")
 * ("you row")

Y-Verbs
Y-verbs end in a vowel and experience an epenthetic /j/ outside of the first person. This comes from a /g/ > /j/ alternation in Old Sumrë and that intervocalic /g/ was lost in Middle Sumri.


 * ("to relax")
 * ("I relax")
 * ("you relax")

H-Verbs
H-verbs end in nasal vowels and outside of the first person singular this sequence is dropped. Otherwise the verb conjugates as a common noun.


 * ("to get dressed")
 * ("I get dressed")
 * ("you get dressed")

Imperative Mood
The imperative is marked with the suffix on the verb stem. If the verb stem ends in /t/ the two fuse into /se/.


 * ("to carry") > ("carry!)

The verb ("to be") has the irregular imperative form.

Interrogative Mood
The interrogative mood is marked with a nasal infix in the first syllable. The nasal is placed in the coda after any vowels. If the following consonant if bilabial then the nasal is /n/. If the following consonant is /j/ then instead of a nasal infix the /j/ lengthens into /jː/. Elsewise the nasal is /n/. If the following consonant is already nasal, then that consonant is lengthened instead. However when the verb in Old Sumrë ended in /vb/ or /Vd/ (which were lost by Middle Sumri losing intervocalic /b d/) they resurface after the nasal infix as /mp/ and /nt/. It is not predictable as to which verb experiences this other than etymology. The infix will also prevent any lenition form taking place.


 * ("to agree") > ("you agree") >  ("do you agree?")
 * ("to slice") > ("you slice") >  ("do you slice?")
 * ("to trade") > ("you trade") >  ("do you trade?")
 * ("to entertain") > ("you entertain") >  ("do you entertain?")

Subjunctive Mood
The subjunctive mood is marked with the suffix after the person suffixes.


 * ("to rest")
 * ("you rest") > ("if you rest")
 * ("you- rest") > ("if you- rest")

Jussive Mood
The jussive mood ("should, must") is marked with the suffix after any person endings.


 * ("you must rest")
 * ("you shouldn't rest")

Conditional Mood
The conditional mood ("would") is marked with the suffix.


 * ("you would rest")

Evidentiality
Misiuri marks evidentiality to convey if an action is known for sure by the speaker, or heard from heresay or merely deduced. The following suffixes are applied on the past tense or past perfect copula and as such are used in the past tense past perfect.


 * ("you rowed") > ("you rowed - witnessed event")
 * ("you relax") > ("you relaxed - heresay, it is said that you relaxed")
 * ("it wrote") > ("it wrote - deduced from evidence")

Passive Voice
The passive is formed with the suffix which attaches after person endings and the subjunctive if it is used. Note that it will trigger i-umlaut.


 * ("to trust")
 * ("I trust") > ("I am trusted")
 * ("If I trust") > ("If I was trusted")

Existentiality
Misiuri deals with existentiality by using an existential particle which descends from the various inflected forms of Old Sumrë tomen ("to intend, to mean, to herald").

?

INTERR/EXIST hill-SUPER dog

"Is there a dog on the hill?"

?

why INTERR/EXIST-NEG freckle-NOM.PL more

"Why aren't there more freckles?"

Supine
The supine is a nominal verb which is required for a number of constructions. If a verb ends in a vowel then the supine is formed simply by removing the infinitive suffix. If the verb ends in a consonant then both the consonant and verb infinitive are removed. If the consonant was after a nasal vowel then the vowel will denasalise into its older form. Zero-grade verbs tend to have quite irregular supine.


 * ("to sell") > ("selling")
 * ("to travel") > ("travelling")
 * ("to weave") > ("weaving")

Analytic verbs take the supine on the auxiliary as.
 * ("to harvest") > ("harvesting")

=Conjunctions=

Misiuri has three words for "and", ("VP-and"),  ("NP-and") and  ("ADJ-and") respectively. :

write-1S VP_and row-2S

"I write and you row"

serves to join two nouns:

man NP_and woman

"The man and woman"

serves to join two adjectives since no two predicate adjectives can appear right next to each other (neither attributively or predicatively):

woman old AP_and angry

"The old and angry woman"