Old Mangeodge

Old Mangeodge vocabulary

Old Mangeodge names



Conjunction clitic
Old Mangeodge connects two noun phrases together with the clitic -ki at the end of the second NP. When attaching to a noun in the nominative case the gendered ending is dropped:
 * eoslevi pejorotki ("sun and moon" - pejorotvi "moon")
 * dejolimvi tricgeki ("head and foot" - tricgevi "foot")

=Verbs=

interrogative prefix *m-. When the verb begins in /o/, the prefix creates a new leftmost syllable with an onset, causing the /o/ to gain stress and as a result become /a/.


 * When the verb stem ends in /e/ or /ei/, in the 3rd.pl persons the vowel is dropped:
 * cabeti ("to fix") > cabjeiri ("they fix")
 * cgeiti ("to delude") > cgjeiri ("they delude")
 * When the verb stem ends in /a/ and the person ending begins in /a/ also, they both merge into /ei/:
 * calutati ("to explode") > caluteic ("it burns")
 * When the verb ends in /a/ or /o/ and is inflected 2nd/sg/pl 1st.pl persons, the vowels of the verb and suffix merge into /ei/ and /au/. This also happens in the 3rd.pl persons but with the vowel merging with the /j/ instead:
 * calutati ("to explode") > caluteic ("you burn"), caluteicg ("we explode"), caluteiri ("they explode")
 * When a verb ends in /t͡ʃ/ and is inflected for the first person, the consonant becomes /s/:
 * asecti ("to roll") > asess ("I roll")
 * When a verb stem ends in /i/ or /u/, the vowels are dropped in when inflected except for in the first person:
 * paluti ("to hew") > palus ("I hew"), palejoc ("you hew"), *palac ("it hews")

D-verbs
D-verbs experience an alternation where /z/ is inserted before all non-1st person verb endings.


 * cgejati ("to dwell")

S-verbs
S-verbs experience an alternation between /t/ and /z./ except in the 1S. In PSN the /t/ was originally /d/ but it assimilated in voicing with the infinitive suffix -te and the 1st.sg ending -s, in the supine however the /d/ was preserved.


 * selotti ("to raid") - supine: kselod

P-verbs
P-verbs experience an alternation between /p/ and /f/.


 * aminjapti ("to knap")

S2-verbs
S2-verbs experience an alternation where /b/ drops throughout the paradigm except for the 1S.


 * vinubti- ("to carve")

R2-verbs
R2-verbs show an alternation where /k/ becomes /t͡ʃ/ throughout the paradigm except for the 1S.


 * orakti ("to swim")

Y-verbs
Y-verbs experience an alternation between /d͡ʒ/ and /g/ in the first person, there may also be a resurfacing consonant where it was lost before /d͡ʒt/ : *sacgti ("to sleep") > *salgs ("I sleep").

H-verbs
H-verbs experience a loss of /k/ throughout the paradigm:


 * alazakti ("to clothe")

Perfective
The perfective mood in PSN is created by attaching the suffix *-e onto the verb stem to create a new perfective verb. This verb then conjugates as any other verb.


 * paluti ("to hew") > paleti ("to have hewn") > palas ("I have hewn")
 * dauzti ("to make") > dauzeti ("to have made") > dauzeis ("you have made")

Transgressive
The transgressive creates an adverb roughly meaning "while X" or "having done X" (when combined with the perfect). The transgressive if formed with the suffix -wim onto the third person singular animate form of the verb.


 * cariti ("to wash") > carac- ("it washes") > caracwim ("while washing")
 * kjarunti- ("to petrify") > kjarunac ("it petrifies") > kjarunacwim ("while petrifying")

The perfective transgressive is formed with the suffix *-wim onto the third person singular animate perfective.


 * cariti (“to wash”) > carati (“to have washed”) > careic (“it has washed”) > careicwim (“having washed”)
 * kjarunti (“to petrify”) > kjarunati (“to have petrified”) > kjaruneic- (“it has petrified”) > kjaruneicwim (“having petrified”)

=Preposotions= Old Mangeodge has a set of prepositions, all of which except jar trigger the oblique case, that mostly descend from Proto-Mangeodge nouns, adjectives and verbs.


 * jar ("from, of, pertaining to")
 * ab ("in")
 * atob ("just outside off, beyond")
 * cgeovek ("side")
 * fenvauk ("on" - cf fenvauti "to wrap around, to cover")
 * skaelk ("inside" - cf skaelti "to know")
 * auik ("above, up")
 * evaseik ("halfway")
 * bueauk ("beside" - cf buevi "wing")
 * sateauk ("deep inside, in the middle off, amongst" - cf ceissatevi "belly")
 * saruauk ("between (temporal)")
 * malauk ("from above" - cf malovi "arrow")
 * jozauk ("through" - cf ujalejozvi "doorway")
 * vantebeauk ("between (spacial)" - cf vantebi "middle")
 * vaeleauk ("by, using, instrumental" - cf vaelevi "hand")

The preposition jar is also used to mark possession e.g djarjesvi jar nro ("the man's nose").

=Interjections=


 * fac - denotes surprise or shock. From afac (“it takes”)

=Krintham's Poem=

Krintham's poem is a short prosaic text written by the shaman Krintham. It has become used as a popular text to translate among the Sumro-Letaeric languages to compare the different languages side by side.

sauvi vaceozi vojarasaozi bueauk

this-INAN day-DAT.INAN beautiful-INAN-DAT.INAN beside

"on this beautiful day"

mre nineaznki palajeir cevozi jarauzaozi

man-PL woman-PL-CONJ hew-PERF-3PL path-OBL.INAN long-INAN-OBL.INAN

"Men and women have hewn a long path"

cejozus deizejocg sejonti macovebauzi jozauk

so_that manage-1PL.INCL travel-INF world-1PL.INCL.POSS-DAT through

"So that we can travel through our world"

marucge slavesjo cgalasjeirmegja iameju

god-PL old-PL protect-3PL-OPT 3SG.INAN-ACC

"may it be protected by the old gods"

eoslevi pejorotki nalucaljeirimegja iamejo fenvauk

sun moon-CONJ shine-3PL.INAN-OPT 3SG.OBL on

"may the sun and moon shine light over it"

tricgenu jar ne csejon

foot-PL POSS person-NOM.PL SUP-walk

"as peoples' feet walk"