Late Ordho-Luksunic

Late Ordho-Luksunic vocab

=Influence=

All Jaronic languages have varying amounts of influence from Sumro-Letaeric languages but Late Ordho-Luksun is an extreme example. Late Ordho-Luksun was the language of the Luksun warriors, who were a confederation of Tuuric, jaronic and Thuyant people. As Luksun warriors they all heavily intermixed. Although Ordho-Luksun won out as their main lingua franca among themselves, the other two languages: Kirudish and Old Thuyant however heavily influenced it. Old Thuyant gave many loans words as did Kirudish, but Kirudish also influenced the phonology and grammar. The contact was so intense that even morphology had been loaned into Late Ordho-Luksunic.

Kirudish influence
Morphology loaned from Kirudish:
 * the auxiliary shuši [sxuˈʃi.] "to be able to" as well as its inflected forms taken entirely from Kirudish, displacing the older usage based on a jaronic word meaning "to see" (Nulbuoka ornlí lógi "I can eat" vs EOL shuδs lokui)

Loans from Kirudish did not take on the typical Jaronic noun endings, rather they retained the morphology of the source language, the case endings were borrowed. Loans from Old Thuyant inflected the same as Kirudish loans. Late Ordho-Luksunic gains two new major declensions: one for native vocab (here defined as inherited from Early Ordho-Luksunic) and the other for loaned vocab. Late Ordho-Luksunic orginally preserved the alternation of consonant length from Kirudish but post-migration, this was leveled out completely, same with any vowel alternations. Kirudish loaned cases have two declensions, based on the syllable count of the word in old Tuura though over time the syllable count has changes rendering the declensions less than predictable. In Late Ordho-Luksunic the 3rd declension was merged with the second. This funny enough made the syllable count based declension more apparant as it collapsed into a simpler monosyllabic vs polysyllabic system

Under kirudish influence case usage changed. The earlier respective case began to act like the tuuric genitive, the absolutive like the accusative, esive became dative. vocative was lost. The cases are now called as such

The active and passive gender distinction becomes identical to the animate/inanimate of Kirudish. It is now named as such. Older active nouns that are semantically inanimate and vice versa switch gender to match animacy

Post migration
Post-Migration the Luksun came into contact with speakers of West Middle Moca and Late Middle Sumri, loaning words from them also. They inflected like Kirudish loans. Due to the heavy influx of West Middle Moca speakers learning Late Ordho-Luksunic, loans tended to preserve native pronunciation, giving Early Ordho-Luksunic new phonemes such as the vowel [ɨ ʉ], nasal vowels, [t͡ʃ d͡ʒ], velar fricatives and voiced plosives. The migration also saw the loss of the voiceless bilabial nasal loaned form Krudish, it being merged with the voiced /m/.^ Likewise the retroflex ś was merged with the alveolar s which occurs in WMM. Since there was a massive influx of L2 speakers learning Late Ordho-Luksunic at this time, who heavily outnumbered the native speakers, certain irregularities and alternations were leveled out. A major example is that any remains of the Jaronic ablaut totally disappeared as well as any consonant changes in the stem associated with it. This makes the Ordho-Luksunic rather odd compared to other jaronic languages as this is an Jaronic iconic feature. An example of this is the noun piδos "large cat" which previously had the plural pt-syn but after the migration is gained the plural form piδ-syn.

= Phonology =



Stress
Late Ordho-Luksunic took on the typical tuuric stress

Lenition
Proto-Nulgbokan lenitied plosives and /s/ when they occured in the coda of a stressed syllable. The result is that when the stress shifts away from such syllable, the consonants revert back to their original forms.

Case
Late Ordho-Luksunic had two noun classes which were active and passive. Active nouns denote something that is typically an agent of a verb and passive nouns typically denote the patient but also many inanimate objects. The division is not an animate-inanimate split for animate beings can be referred to by passive nouns if they are the typical recipients of an action and inanimate things can be referred to by active nouns if they are viewed as being enactors of actions (such as tools but also "dynamic" things such as water, wind, fire etc that move without influence from an animate being).


 * Nominative: Marks the sole argument of an intransitive clause and subject of a transitive clause
 * Abolutive Accusative: Marks the patient of a verb and involuntary agent of a verb, the predicate of the copula verb
 * Vocative: Marks a noun when referred directly to
 *  Essive Dative: A state of being, "as",
 * *trypmis ("as a father")
 *  Relative Genitive: possessive
 * *trypos ("father's, about the father")

Ordho-Luksunic was an active-stative language, meaning that the sole argument of an intransitive clause was marked the same way as an an agent of a transitive clause (in the nominative case) but may be marked the same way as a patient (absolutive case) to mark an unwilling or unintending agent (i.e it implies a lack of volition): THIS WAS LOST IN LATE ORDHO-LUKSUNIC - which is nom-acc like Kirudish

Jaronic Active Nouns
the forms after arrows are the regularized forms that arose post-migration

Animate nouns have the nominative singular suffix -os. The previous -es stems were merged with -os stems, since after mass leveling the two declensions resembled each other much more. This declension merging then affected the ys and üs stems, rendering them all as -os stems - with the effect of having all jaronic animate nouns inflect as one declension. Some ablauted inflected nous survive as fossils

The /w/ of the stem in the leveled forms vocalised to /u/ before consonants

This declension contains active nouns which have the nominative singular suffix -es. These stems tend to be the longest.

ys-Stems
This declension contains active nouns which take the nominative singular suffix -ys which descends from the active form of the Proto-Jaronic suffix *-yó which served to derive nouns from adjectives. Post-migration, when mass leveling occurred, the üs-stems were merged with ys-stems, with previous üs-stems inflecting as ys-stems in this noun, the leveled form was based on the acc.sg, due to most forms of the noun having /bʷ/ over /p/ and /w/

On-Stems
This declension contains inanimate nouns with the nominative singular suffix -on. Like jaronic animate nouns, all declensions were merged into one, the previous -on declension

yn-Stems
This declension contains nouns with the nominative singular suffix *-yn, derived from the Proto-Jaronic suffix *-yó.

Demonstrative Pronouns
Proto-Jaronic makes no proximal distinction in its demonstratives.

Interrogative Pronouns
Active "what" (*yiδos) is equivalent to "who" and passive "what" (*yaδon) is equivalent to "what, which".

Adjectives
Adjectives in Proto-Nulgbokan agree with the head noun in gender and case but not in number. Agreement is made by attaching the same nominal suffixes to the adjective's stem (which will trigger the same grade as on the noun). Adjective in Proto-Jaronic can be placed either before or after the noun but they tend to be placed before:
 * *nylk ("old") > *nylkos kueδos ("old warrior"), *nylkmis kytmis ("as an old warrior")
 * *pren- ("big") > kueδos prenos ("big warrior"), püikon prüinon ("old rock")

The equative suffix *-is attaches to adjectives to denote "as X as". Such adjectives can be used either attributively or predictively. The compared to noun is placed in the essive dative case. When used attributively the compared to noun is compounded onto the adjective as a prefix and the subject is in the nominative case. No adjective with this suffix takes on any further inflection.

siry pueδ-yk pryn-is ymk-mis

dog-ABS be-3S.ACT big-EQ wolf-ESS

"the dog is as big as the wolf"

sirw-os ym-mis-pryn-is

dog-NOM wolf-ESS-big-EQ

"the dog which is as big as the/a wolf"