Proto-Junal

Proto-Junal Vocabulary

=Phonology=

Vowels

 * Vowels are nasalised when before nasal consonants and when around /h/:
 * *heut- /hɛutʰ/ [hɛ̃ũtʰ] ("there")
 * /ɛ ɛ̤ ɔ ɔ̤/ are raised to /e e̤ o o̤/ when after /j/:
 * *jéa- /jɛ̤ɑ/ [je̤ɑ]
 * /ɑ ɑ̤/ becomes /ɛ ɛ̤/when before /j/:
 * *ajeg- /ˈɑ.jɛk/ [ˈɛ.jek] ("smoke")
 * /u ṳ ũ ṳ̃ o̤ o̤ õ õ̤ ɔ ɔ̤ ɔ̃ ɔ̤̃/ become /ɨ ɨ̤ ɨ̃ ɨ̤̃ ɘ ɘ̤ ɘ̃ ɘ̤̃ ɜ ɜ̤ ɜ̃ ɜ̤̃/ when before /j/:
 * *ioja- /ˈiɔ.jɑ/ [ˈiɜj.ɑ] ("hair")
 * *dujojik- /ˈtu.jɔjikʰ/ [ˈtɨ.jɜjikʰ] ("body")

Consonants

 * The alveolar tap /ɾ/ becomes nasalised when before a nasal consonant or when around /h/:
 * *dúhris- /ˈtṳ.hɾis/ [ˈtu.hʷɾ̃is] ("woman")
 * Unaspirated non-nasal stops /p t k/ are aspirated when around /h/:
 * *šudhe- /ʃuthɛ/ [ʃutʷʰhɛ̃] ("men")
 * All non-nasal stops in clusters agree on aspiration with the first consonant:
 * *dučíbkró /ˈtu.t͡ʃʷi̤pˈkʰɾɔ./ [ˈtu.t͡ʃʷi̤pʰˈkʰɾɔ.] ("beaks")
 * All consonants are labialised after round vowels:
 * *čosnik- /ˈt͡ʃɔs.nikʰ/ [ˈt͡ʃɔsʷ.nikʰ] ("mother")
 * [h] is dropped between two vowels or between a vowel and /j/, [hʷ] becomes [j] in the same environment:
 * *pitéjhe /ˈpʰi.tʰɛ̤jˈhɛ./ [ˈpʰi.tʰɛ̤ˈjẽ.]
 * *uhja- /ˈu.hjɑ/ [ˈũ.jjɑ] ("hot")
 * All non-velar non-labialised consonants palatalise before /j/, although labialised affricates do.
 * [t͡ʃ t͡ʃʷ t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃʷʰ] palatalise as [t͡ɕ t͡ɕʷ t͡ɕʰ t͡ɕʷʰ]:
 * *hacjos- /ˈhɑt͡ʃ.jɔs/ [ˈhɑ̃.t͡ɕjos] ("hand")
 * *rucja- /ˈɾu.t͡ʃjɑ/ [ˈɾu.t͡ɕʷjɑ] ("shoe")
 * *ičjo- /ˈit͡ʃʰjɔ/ [ˈit͡ɕʰ.jo]
 * *sačjuke- /ˈsɑ.t͡ʃʰu.kʰɛ/ [ˈsɑ.t͡ɕʷʰu.kʷʰɛ] ("eye")
 * [h] palatalises as [ç]:
 * *behju- /ˈpɛ.hju/ [ˈpɛ̃.çju] ("seed")
 * [ʃ] palatalises as [ɕ]:
 * *tišja- /ˈtʰiʃ.jɑ/ [ˈtʰiɕ.jɑ] ("nose")
 * The alveolar tap devoices and palatalises to [ɾ̥ʲ] when before /j/:
 * ̌*erjo- /ˈɛɾ.jɔ/ [ˈɛɾ̥ʲ.jo] ("life")
 * The plosives [t tʷ tʰ tʷʰ] become the affricates [ts t͡sʷ tsʰ t͡sʷʰ] when before a fricative:
 * *édfa- /ˈɛ̤t.fɑ/ [ˈɛ̤tsfɑ] ("wood")
 * *narudfe- /ˈnɑ.ɾut.fɛ/ [ˈnɑ̃.ɾutsʷ.fɛ] ("vermin")
 * *soitxu- /ˈsɔitʰ.xu/ [ˈsɔitsʰ.xu] ("line")
 * *peutxa- /ˈpʰɛutʰ.xɑ/ [ˈpʰɛutsʷʰ.xɑ] ("bug, insect")
 * The taps [ɾ ɾʷ] become [ɾ̥ ɾ̥ʷ] after an aspirated plosive or before /j/:
 * *otre- /ˈɔtʰ.ɾɛ/ [ˈɔtʰ.ɾ̥ɛ] ("sad")
 * /j/ becomes [ç] after an aspirated consonant:
 * *mitja- /ˈmitʰ.jɑ/ [ˈmitʰ.çɑ] ("brown")

Prosody
Proto-Junal has a fixed stress accent where the first syllable always bears the primary stress. The second syllable is never stressed while the third syllable always bears secondary stress. Any following syllables bear no stress. The pattern can be summarised as follows:


 * σ́
 * σ́σ
 * σ́σσ́
 * σ́σσ́σ...

Orthography
The orthography for Proto-Junal is obviously not a contemporary one, but one created by linguists. The spelling is very much phomenic, with acute accents over vowels representing breathy voice vowels, and typically voiced letters b d g representing /p t k/ while p t k represents the aspirated equivalents.

When a cell has two letters, the first one represents an aspirated consonant.

=Nouns=

=Determiners=

=Adjectives=

=Verbs=

=Adverbs=